Table 1 AMOVA results.

From: Cultural variation impacts paternal and maternal genetic lineages of the Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan groups from Thailand

Groups

a

b

Percent variation

   

Within populations

Between populations within groups

Among groups

   

MSY

mtDNA

MSY

mtDNA

MSY

mtDNA

Total

1

73 (71)

86.28 (86.85)

91.54 (92.33)

13.72** (13.15**)

8.46** (7.67**)

  

Hmong-Mien (HM)

1

7

81.83

96.6

18.17**

3.4**

  

Austroasiatic (AA)

1

24 (22)

82.15 (83.92)

85.96 (88.47)

17.85** (16.08**)

14.04** (11.53**)

  

Sino-Tibetan (ST)

1

8

87

89.76

13**

10.24**

  

Tai-Kadai (TK)

1

34

95.59**

95.86

4.41**

4.14**

  

HM (Thailand + Vietnam)

1

11

82

94.35

18**

5.65**

  

ST (Thailand + Vietnam)

1

12

74.96

87.64

25.04**

12.36**

  

Patrilocal

1

13

72.57**

93.64**

27.43**

6.36**

  

Matrilocal

1

10

75.51**

83.54**

24.49**

16.46**

  

Hmong

1

5

81.87

99.47

18.13**

0.53

  

Karen

1

5

90.89

94.15

9.11**

5.85**

  

Mon

1

7

96.5

93.1

3.5**

6.90*

  

H’tin

1

3

90.11

74.29

9.89**

25.71*

  

Lawa

1

3

64.35

92.22

35.65**

7.78*

  

Hmong (Thailand + Vietnam)

1

6

78.75

98.92

21.25**

1.08

  

IuMien (Thailand + Vietnam)

1

3

94.42

95.5

5.58**

4.5**

  

Lahu (Thailand + Vietnam)

1

3

95.12

86.53

4.88*

13.47**

  

Language (AA, TK, HM, ST)

4

73 (71)

84.69** (85.26**)

91.21** (91.95**)

10.10** (9.58**)

7.7** (6.85**)

5.21** (5.16**)

1.09** (1.20**)

HM vs. AA

2

31 (29)

70.24** (71.52**)

86.92** (88.46**)

15.18** (14.17**)

11.56** (9.53**)

14.58** (14.31**)

1.52* (2.02**)

HM vs. ST

2

15

78.13**

89.23**

14.59**

6.69**

7.28**

4.09**

HM vs. TK

2

41

82.85**

94.3**

6.11**

4.00**

11.04**

1.70**

Hmong vs. AA

2

29 (27)

65.55** (66.86**)

85.44** (87.02**)

14.06** (13.04**)

11.79** (9.59**)

20.39** (20.10**)

2.77** (3.40**)

Hmong vs. ST

2

13

75.18**

87.78**

13.52**

6.38**

11.30**

5.84**

Hmong vs. TK

2

39

78.04**

93.20**

5.19**

3.72**

16.77**

3.08**

IuMien vs. AA

2

26 (24)

83.01** (84.54**)

89.00** (90.68**)

16.92** (15.21**)

13.97** (11.41**)

0.07 (0.26)

−2.97 (−2.09)

IuMien vs. ST

2

10

88.45**

90.69**

11.46**

9.35**

0.09

−0.04

IuMien vs. TK

2

36

95.92**

95.93**

4.28**

4.14**

−0.19

−0.08

Thai HM vs. Vietnam HM

2

11

80.82**

93.86**

15.98**

5.01**

3.2

1.13

AA vs. ST

2

30

78.04** (79.40**)

86.02** (87.98**)

15.54** (14.33**)

13.03** (11.13**)

6.41** (6.27**)

0.95* (0.9)

AA vs. TK

2

58 (56)

89.71** (90.51**)

91.87** (92.83**)

9.27** (8.57**)

7.92** (6.87**)

1.02* (0.92*)

0.21 (0.3*)

ST vs. TK

2

42

90.22**

92.94**

5.56**

5.02**

4.22**

2.05**

Thai ST vs. Vietnam ST

2

12

74.65**

86.85**

24.44**

11.23**

0.91

1.92

  1. *indicates P <  0.05; **indicate P < 0.01.
  2. aNumber of groups.
  3. bNumber of populations; numbers/values in parentheses were calculated by excluding the two hunter-gather groups, Mlabri (MA) and Maniq (MN).
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