Fig. 2: Overview of broad CELS content categories developed.

Diagram summarising the four major CELS domains and their frequency of occurrence in the reviewed literature. The number (n) of papers addressing each domain is shown, with percentages representing the proportion of included studies (N = 186). Cultural (n = 70, 38%) includes cultural harm, significance of biological materials, and Indigenous knowledges. Ethical (n = 91, 49%) includes consent, data access and sharing, and privacy and confidentiality. Legal (n = 49, 26%) includes laws and frameworks, ownership/control of samples, DNA as a commodity, genetic discrimination, and defining Indigeneity. Social (n = 125, 67%) includes collective decision making, genetic determinism, stigmatisation, and social determinants of health. The central box indicates the overarching aim of informing genomics research practices.