Abstract
Purpose
Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a non-Hodgkin lymphoma involving the brain with possible leptomeningeal and ocular involvement. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of modified intravitreal injection regimen of methotrexate (MTX) for therapeutic management of vitreoretinal lymphoma.
Materials and methods
Forty human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–negative Chinese patients with primary vitreoretinal lymphoma were included in this retrospective noncomparative interventional case series study. Patients were treated with a modified protocol of intravitreal injection of MTX (400 µg/0.1 ml) according to the Intensive-Consolidation-Maintenance regimen. The Intensive phase of once-weekly intravitreal injections for 1 month, followed by the Consolidation phase of one injection every 2 weeks for 1 month, and then the Maintenance phase of once monthly for 1 month, for a total of 7 injections. The primary main outcome measures were clinical response to intravitreal chemotherapy, number of injections for clinical remission, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), visual acuity (VA), complications during the study period, and cause of death were investigated.
Results
The duration of follow-up from the commencement of injection of MTX was 12–73 months (median 28, 30.55 ± 14.73 months). A total of 61 eyes of 40 patients were cleared clinically from malignant cells after a median 6.57 ± 3.12 (median 6, range 1–14) times of injection of MTX. A second remission was induced in 3 patients, who were treated with a further course of intravitreal chemotherapy after tumour recurred in their eyes. The median PFS and OS were 20.82 months (95% CI 14.64–27.01) and 29.29 months (95% CI 16.16–42.41), respectively. Complications that occurred during the period of treatment and follow-up included corneal epitheliopathy (3 of 61 eyes) and cataract (6 of 61 eyes). There were no cases of maculopathy, vitreous haemorrhage, optic atrophy, and sterile endophthalmitis. No patient had an irreversible loss of vision that could be attributed to the intravitreal injection of MTX.
Conclusions
It can be concluded that the modified intravitreal injection regimen of MTX is an effective therapeutic approach in inducing clinical remission of intraocular involvement in PCNSL patients, associated with few complications. However, further study needs to be conducted to indicate whether the proposed approach extends life expectancy.
Highlights
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Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) can involve the vitreous and retina and is associated with a poor clinical outcome, with a survival rate of less than 3 months in absence of undergoing an effective therapeutic strategy. Methotrexate (MTX) is the most efficient cytotoxic drug for patients with vitreoretinal involvement in primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL), through intravitreal injection of MTX.
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In our experience, the modified protocol of intravitreal MTX according to the Intensive-Consolidation-Maintenance regimen, was effective in inducing clinical remission of PVRL with few complications. The accumulating clinical results brought us to propose the consideration of this protocol as a good first-line treatment option for PVRL.
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Data availability
Availability of data and materials: The data of this case report are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Funding
The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nr. 81272981), the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Nr. 7151003) provided financial support.
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WWB: Examination of patient, interpretation of results, writing the manuscript; ZN: Interpretation of results and writing/reviewing of manuscript; XXL: Interpretation of results and reviewing of manuscript. WYX: Reviewing of manuscript. LYM: Examination and treatment of patient. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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The study followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and its ethical standards of 1964. The study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Beijing Tongren Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
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Zhou, N., Xu, X., Liu, Y. et al. A proposed protocol of intravitreal injection of methotrexate for treatment of primary vitreoretinal lymphoma. Eye 36, 1448–1455 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-021-01657-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-021-01657-0
