Table 1 Brief summary of technology-enhanced learning (TEL) resources available to teachers involved in undergraduate ophthalmology education that can be integrated into a traditional curriculum.

From: Is undergraduate ophthalmology teaching in the United Kingdom still fit for purpose?

Author (Date)

Brief description of study and TEL methodology

Steedman (2012) [13]

Randomised control trial exploring the use of video-based multimedia versus textbook resources on topics of acute vision loss and cataracts.

Succar (2013) [14]

Randomised control trial exploring the use of virtual ophthalmology clinics versus traditional ophthalmology placement.

Allen (2015) [15]

Proof-of-concept study to design a virtual 3D anatomical software exploring the eye, orbit and oculomotor system.

Schulz (2016) [21]

Randomised control trial exploring the use of digital teaching ophthalmoscope compared to conventional ophthalmoscope on clinical exam performance.

Mamtora (2018) [19]

Cross-sectional study examining smartphone-assisted ophthalmoscopy (D-EYE) compared to conventional ophthalmoscope.

Shikino (2019) [20]

Randomised control trial exploring the use of smartphone-assisted ophthalmoscopy (iExaminer) compared to conventional ophthalmoscope on diagnostic accuracy and timing till diagnosis of students.

Lee (2019) [22]

Proof-of-concept study describing the use of digital camera attachment for slit-lamp examination to produce live high-quality images of an ophthalmic examination.