Fig. 2: Patient phenotypic features.
From: ZP2 pathogenic variants cause in vitro fertilization failure and female infertility
a Representative images of oocytes with abnormal zona pellucida (ZP) appearance. Oocytes from controls and patients were separated from granulosa cells and imaged under visible inverted microscopy. ZP thickness of each oocyte was measured and computed as ZP = (Left + Right + Up + Down)/4. The lower image in each pair corresponds to a magnified view of the boxed region in the upper image. b Transmission electron micrographs of the patient’s ZP. Arrowheads indicate the ZP, and arrows indicate the large holes. c Polscope images of the patients’ ZP. OL ZP outer layer, ML ZP middle layer, IL ZP inner layer. d Defective sperm binding to patients’ oocytes observed 20 h after in vitro fertilization (IVF). The scale bars represent 50 μm in (a) and (d), and 10 μm in (b)
