Table 2 Prevalence ratios for 33 medication classes in the subset of adults with multimorbidity, in 22q11.2DS (median age 38.6 years) compared with the general population (median age 62 years)

From: A genetic model for multimorbidity in young adults

Medication class (ATC level 3)	ATC code	Prevalence ratio (95% CI)^b,e
Antipsychotics	N05A	8.4^a (6.3–11.3)
Antiepileptics	N03A	4.0^a (3.1–5.2)
Antidepressants	N06A	1.9^a (1.5–2.3)
Anticholinergic agents	N04A	12.0^a,c (1.5–93.5)
Dopaminergic agents	N04B	5.3^c (0.6–47.0)
Anxiolytics	N05B	1.0 (0.5–1.9)
Hypnotics and sedatives	N05C	0.5 (0.2–1.5)
Opioids^f	N02A	0.2^a (0.04–0.7)
High-ceiling diuretics	C03C	1.4 (0.6–3.2)
Beta blocking agents	C07A	0.8 (0.6–1.2)
Antithrombotic agents	B01A	0.8 (0.4–1.4)
ACE inhibitors, plain	C09A	0.4^a (0.2–0.8)
Low-ceiling diuretics, thiazides	C03A	0.2^a (0.1–0.8)
Angiotensin II antagonists, plain	C09C	0.2^a (0.1–0.6)
Lipid modifying agents, plain	C10A	0.3^a (0.2–0.5)
Selective calcium blockers with mainly vascular effects	C08C	0.2^a (0.04–0.6)
Angiotensin II antagonists, combinations	C09D	0.0^d
Thyroid preparations	H03A	2.2^a (1.6–3.0)
Vitamin A and D, including combinations of the two	A11C	5.5^a (3.3–9.2)
Blood glucose lowering drugs, excluding insulins	A10B	0.6 (0.3–1.0)
Insulins and analogues	A10A	0.4 (0.1–1.5)
Drugs affecting bone structure and mineralization	M05B	0.1 (0.02–1.1)
Drugs for peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease^f	A02B	0.5^a (0.3–0.8)
Drugs for constipation	A06A	1.0 (0.4–2.7)
Decongestants and other nasal preparations for topical use	R01A	1.6 (0.8–3.0)
Adrenergics, inhalants	R03A	1.0 (0.6–1.7)
Other drugs for obstructive airway diseases, inhalants	R03B	1.0 (0.5–1.9)
Hormonal contraceptives for systemic use	G03A	5.7^a (2.3–14.0)
Urologicals	G04B	1.1 (0.4–3.0)
Drugs used in benign prostatic hypertrophy	G04C	0.5 (0.1–1.8)
Estrogens	G03C	0.2 (0.02–1.2)
Corticosteroids, plain^g	D07A	2.1^a (1.1–4.3)
Antifungals for topical use	D01A	3.8^a (1.2–12.4)

ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ATC Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System, CI confidence interval.
^aSignificant difference between groups (prevalence ratio and 95% confidence interval calculations; see “Materials and Methods” and Supplemental Methods for details).
^bPrevalence ratios were calculated based on medication use within the group with multimorbidity at any age (see “Materials and Methods” for details).
^cPrevalence too low to be estimated in the Canadian population, given Statistics Canada security regulations. Thus, to calculate the prevalence ratio and estimate 95% confidence limits, we arbitrarily assigned a 1.0% value (i.e., lowest possible reportable prevalence) that was reportable in the group (age group or multimorbidity group being compared) and a standard error of 1%. For more details, see Supplemental Methods.
^dPrevalence equals 0 for the 22q11.2DS population. For the upper 95% confidence limit we used the approximation 3/N.⁴⁰ Here, 95% CI for the prevalence ratio was not calculable (see Supplemental Methods).
^eComparisons for three ATC classes (Other Analgesics and Antipyretics [N02B], Anti-inflammatory…, Non-Steroids [M01A], Calcium [A12A]) were not performed as medications in these classes are commonly available over the counter and thus were excluded from the 22q11.2DS sample.
^fPrevalences for these drug classes are likely underestimated for the 22q11.2DS group, since any medications that could have been either over the counter and/or noted to be used “as needed” were excluded.
^gPrevalence may be overestimated for the 22q11.2DS population, since medications that could have been available over the counter in this class were assumed to be prescription.

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Table 2 Prevalence ratios for 33 medication classes in the subset of adults with multimorbidity, in 22q11.2DS (median age 38.6 years) compared with the general population (median age 62 years)

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