Table 4 Stressor and depression screen in unexplained regression in Down syndrome (URDS) compared with age-matched controls with Down syndrome
From: Unexplained regression in Down syndrome: 35 cases from an international Down syndrome database
All (N = 35) and matched control | Negative medical evaluation (N = 11) and matched control | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
URDS | Control | p valuea | URDS | Control | p valuea | |
Screen for stressors: Please indicate if any occurred six months prior to the onset of decline | ||||||
Change in school/workshop/employment | 13 | 2 | 0.003 | 2 | 1 | 1.000 |
Loss of family member/friend/caregiver because of move | 9 | 0 | 0.004 | 3 | 0 | 0.250 |
Death of family member | 7 | 3 | 0.344 | 2 | 0 | 0.500 |
Major surgical/medical diagnostic procedures | 5 | 0 | 0.063 | 3 | 0 | 0.250 |
Change of residence | 2 | 1 | 1.000 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
Victim of abuse physical/verbal/sexual | 2 | 0 | 0.500 | 0 | 0 | – |
Death of friend/caregiver | 1 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | – |
Death of pet | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – |
Depression screen: Any and all that were present six months prior to the onset of decline | ||||||
Social withdrawal | 18 | 0 | <0.001 | 5 | 0 | 0.063 |
Poor concentration | 17 | 1 | <0.001 | 4 | 0 | 0.125 |
Loss of interest | 16 | 0 | <0.001 | 5 | 0 | 0.063 |
Preferring to be alone | 15 | 1 | <0.001 | 4 | 0 | 0.125 |
Oppositionality | 15 | 3 | 0.004 | 4 | 1 | 0.375 |
Irritability | 13 | 2 | 0.003 | 5 | 1 | 0.125 |
Agitation | 13 | 2 | 0.007 | 3 | 1 | 0.625 |
Poor memory | 12 | 0 | <0.001 | 4 | 0 | 0.125 |
Insomnia | 12 | 1 | 0.003 | 6 | 0 | 0.031 |
Changes in sleep | 10 | 2 | 0.039 | 5 | 1 | 0.219 |
Distractibility | 8 | 2 | 0.109 | 3 | 0 | 0.250 |
Repetitive behaviors | 8 | 1 | 0.039 | 3 | 0 | 0.250 |
Fatigue | 6 | 0 | 0.031 | 2 | 0 | 0.500 |
Changes in eating | 6 | 0 | 0.031 | 4 | 0 | 0.125 |
Insecurity | 6 | 1 | 0.063 | 0 | 0 | – |
Initiates fights | 6 | 2 | 0.289 | 1 | 1 | 1.000 |
Stubbornness | 7 | 2 | 0.125 | 0 | 0 | – |
Shaking of objects | 5 | 0 | 0.063 | 0 | 0 | – |
Attention seeking | 5 | 1 | 0.219 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
Impulsivity | 5 | 3 | 0.727 | 1 | 2 | 1.000 |
Incontinence | 5 | 0 | 0.063 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
Destroys objects | 4 | 1 | 0.375 | 0 | 0 | – |
Secrecy | 4 | 0 | 0.125 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
Bullies or threatens | 3 | 1 | 0.625 | 1 | 1 | 1.000 |
Abusive language | 3 | 1 | 0.625 | 1 | 1 | 1.000 |
Ordering of objects | 4 | 0 | 0.125 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
Repetitive speech | 4 | 0 | 0.125 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
Obesity | 4 | 4 | 1.000 | 2 | 2 | 1.000 |
Headaches | 1 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | – |
Temper tantrums | 1 | 1 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | – |
Hoarding objects | 1 | 1 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | – |
Adherence to routines | 2 | 0 | 0.500 | 0 | 0 | – |
Self-injury | 1 | 1 | 1.000 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
Feelings of rejection | 1 | 0 | 1.000 | 0 | 0 | – |
Adaptive functioning | 1 | 0 | 1.000 | 1 | 0 | 1.000 |
Self-abuse | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – |
Cruelty toward animals | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – |
Hand-washing | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0 | – |
