Fig. 4: Effect size for likely damaging (LD) variants on neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years comparing to non-LD variants.

(a) Bayley Scales of Infant Development third edition (BSID-III) language, (b) BSID-III cognitive, (c) BSID-III motor, (d) Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales second edition (VABS-II) composite adaptive behavior. Effect size is the coefficient/beta, which aligns with outcome on the y-axis, with the vertical dashed line (v = 0) separating positive and negative direction of association. Significant P value after correcting multiple tests (P < 5 × 10−3) is noted. ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, LD likely damaging variants, PH pulmonary hypertension, SES socioeconomic status.