Fig. 2

Epistasis and chain measures for different landscape models with L = 5. The landscapes are build from 10⁴ simulations of an additive component with mean μ_a and variance σ_a = μ_a/10 and an epistatic component. The epistatic component is: (RMF) an HoC model with \(\sigma _{{\mathrm {HoC}}}^2 = 1\); (IMF) an Ising model with mean incompatibility cost μ_c = 1 and variance \(\sigma _{\mathrm c}^2 = 0.1\). We plot the amount of epistasis as measured by γ and peaks, as well as the number and similarity of direct accessible paths plus the number of chain steps and their maximum depth