Fig. 4

Contemporary genetic variation projected into divergence space among the three species of grasshoppers. The axes show the first two principal components of the species divergence matrix D (Table S7). Breeding values of the three species are plotted onto the same plane. Ellipses around breeding values show 95% confidence level. Lines indicated the main direction of divergence as they connect the center of the more closely related Chorthippus biguttulus and Gomphocerippus rufus as well as the midpoint of these two species to the center of Pseudochorthippus parallelus