Fig. 2: Pathogen loads and TLR haplotype frequencies of spiny rats across landscapes differing in anthropogenic disturbance.

a Infection intensity (log10 (FEC + 1)) of the most common nematode (this study, n = 293) and b Hepacivirus prevalence (data taken from Schmid et al. 2018, n = 673) in P. semispinosus. The boxplots indicate the median, 25 and 75% quartiles, and minimum and maximum values. Relative abundance of c TLR4 haplotypes (n = 158), d TLR7 haplotypes (n = 95), and e heterozygosity of TLR4 (n = 158) and TLR7 (n = 95) across the three landscapes C, A, and I in central Panama. The bars indicate the mean relative abundance of the five study sites per landscape±the standard error. Boxplots and bars representing the continuous forest (landscape C) are labeled in white, forested fragments embedded in an agricultural landscape (landscape A) in light gray, and forested islands in the Gatun lake (landscape I) in dark gray. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.