Fig. 4: Effect of carrying TLR4_Ht1 to TLR4_Ht4 on Hepacivirus prevalence across landscapes (N = 149).

The bars indicate the mean relative abundance of the haplotype in infected individuals per landscape ± the standard error for the two most common haplotypes (error bars could not be calculated for TLR4_Ht3 and TLR4_Ht4 because of their rarity in our study). Bars representing continuous forest (landscape C) are labeled in white, forested fragments embedded in an agricultural landscape (landscape A) in light gray, and forested islands in the Gatun lake (landscape I) in dark gray.