Table 1 Summary of compared selfish bacterial symbionts and B chromosomes.
Agent | Class/Type | Insect Host | Effect | Effector | Targeted Process | Developmental Time | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wolbachia pipientis | Alphaproteobacteria | Coleoptera, Diptera, Isopoda, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, and Orthoptera | Cytoplasmic incompatibility | cifA/cifB | Paternal chromatin | First mitosis after fertilization | (Werren 1997) |
Diptera, Coleoptera, and Lepidoptera | Male killing | wmk | Dosage compensation | Early embryogenesis | (Werren 1997) | ||
Lepidoptera and Hemiptera | Feminization | unknown | Sex determination | Early development | (Werren 1997) | ||
Hymenoptera | Parthenogenesis | unknown | NA | NA | (Werren 1997) | ||
Cardinium hertigii | Bacteroidetes | Encarsia pergandiella | Cytoplasmic incompatibility | unknown | Paternal chromatin | First mitosis after fertilization | (Hunter et al. 2003) |
Encarsia hispida, Brevipalpus phoenicis | Feminization | unknown | Sex determination | Early development | |||
Encarsia pergandiella | Parthenogenesis | unknown | NA | NA | (Zchori-Fein et al. 2001) | ||
Spiroplasma poulsonii | Mollicutes | Drosophila genus | Male killing | spaid | Dosage compensation | Mid embryogenesis | |
Arsenophonus nasoniae | Gammaproteobacteria | Nasonia vitripennis | Male killing | unknown | Maternally inherited centrosomes | Early embryogenesis | (Ferree et al. 2008) |
PSR | B chromosome | Nasonia vitripennis | Genome elimination | haploidizer | Paternal chromatin | First mitosis after fertilization | (Reed and Werren 1995) |
Encarsia pergandiella | Genome elimination | unknown | Paternal chromatin | First mitosis after fertilization | (Hunter et al. 1993) | ||
Trichogramma kaykai | Genome elimination | unknown | Paternal chromatin | First mitosis after fertilization | (Stouthamer et al. 2001) |
