Fig. 1: Wolf study area and sampling localities cover the whole of Germany and are divided into the 16 federal states (black lines).

Shown are the number of successfully genotyped samples collected between 2003 and April 2016 (blue circles) in 12 federal states (labelled with grey initials, see Tables S1–S3). The smaller map shows the wolf distribution across Europe in 2011 with permanent occurrence (dark pink) and sporadic occurrence (pale pink) according to Chapron et al. (2014) and the confirmed wolf occurrence in Germany for 2015 (red) according to the Dokumentations- und Beratungsstelle des Bundes zum Thema Wolf (2017).