Fig. 5: Linear dispersal distances [km] of breeding wolves in Germany for the years 2005 to 2015.
![Fig. 5: Linear dispersal distances [km] of breeding wolves in Germany for the years 2005 to 2015.](http://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41437-021-00429-6/MediaObjects/41437_2021_429_Fig5_HTML.png)
a Dispersal distances for females (n = 48) and males (n = 31) that reproduced in the respective years for the first time. b Dispersal distances for all females (n = 48) and males (n = 31) with known natal packs. c Dispersal distances for females (n = 43) and males (n = 31), excluding the five females that stayed and reproduced in their natal territory. No significant differences between dispersal distances of females and males were detected.