Fig. 2: Median and 95% credible intervals of the βX coefficients, which stand for the association among within-population quantitative genetic variation and its potential underlying drivers on the x-axis (see equation (4)).

A and D are the two admixture scores; mean(MCMT) and mean(SP) are the two indexes of climate harshness and correspond to the mean of the annual values of the mean coldest month temperature (MCMT) and the summer precipitation (SP) over the period 1901–1950, respectively; var(MCMT) and var(SP) are the two indexes of temporal heterogeneity and correspond to the variance of the annual values of MCMT and SP over the period 1901–1950; finally, SH1[20km], SH2[20km], SH1[1.6km] and SH2[1.6km] are the indexes of spatial heterogeneity in a 20-km and 1.6-km radius around the population location calculated as the variance of the first two principal components of a PCA summarizing the environmental variation (see details in section 1.4.2 of the Supplementary Information). Colors stand for the different traits under study and the shapes for the different types of traits, i.e., height (circles), phenology-related traits (triangles) and functional traits (squares).