Fig. 1: Biotechnological and conventional approaches for orchid breeding.

Conventional breeding by hand-cross hybridization and mutation breeding using chemical and physical agents; Biotechnological tools, in vitro somaclonal variation including the Induction, Proliferation and Regeneration of PLBs (IPR-PLBs), ploidy manipulation, isolation and fusion of protoplasts, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and particle bombardment and, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas-9) genome editing.