Table 1 Caste dimorphism, statistical significance of patriline (genetic) effects, and statistical significance of colony (genetic + environmental) effects for queen and worker traits.

Body mass

M

–

0.3586

0.525

0.0776

0.0437

Body length

BL

–

0.1733

0.791

0.0807

0.049

Forewing length

FW

0.149

0.1979

0.2405

0.1228

0.0709

Reslin joint area length

RJA

0.1205

0.0223

0.036

0.0484

0.0437

Submarginal cell 1 length

SC1

0.1407

0.0657

0.0284

0.2535

0.1199

Head width

HW

0.1795

0.08

0.5335

0.0914

0.0623

Interorbital distance maximum

IDx

0.1884

0.4624

0.3895

0.059

0.0521

Interorbital distance minimum

IDm

0.1655

0.2354

0.8863

0.058

0.0455

Antenna length

AN

0.2194

0.7822

0.4403

0.0501

0.0462

Pronotum width

PW

0.0553

0.2504

0.3757

0.0352

0.038

Gaster segment length

GL

0.037

0.7134

0.5148

0.0499

0.0384

Femur length

FL

0.1086

0.3064

0.1928

0.1059

0.0574

Tibia length

TL

0.1448

0.9564

0.0611

0.0582

0.1013

Tarsus length

TR

0.1013

0.6537

0.5813

0.0471

0.0432

Principal component 1

PC1

–

0.1906

0.8662

0.047

0.0497

Principal component 2

PC2

–

0.7877

0.9078

0.0363

0.0368

Principal component 3

PC3

–

0.0435

0.0656

0.0435

0.0393