Table 1 Effective population sizes (N_e).

Population Type	Population	Mean Ne	SE
Continent	PT	118,271	1018
Continent	MA	116,587	978
Island	AE	114,640	975
Continent	IS	114,633	967
Continent	GR	114,362	968
Continent	CH	112,976	974
Continent	DK	112,854	984
Continent	IT	112,016	980
Island	CY	111,752	950
Continent	SB	111,731	973
Continent	FR	111,226	985
Island	WC	108,748	934
Island	IO	108,658	947
Island	GB	107,886	937
Island	EC	107,273	916
Island	CO	106,826	971
Island	CT	105,206	885
Island	IR	105,164	920
Continent	GE	91,776	847

N_e were estimated as the nucleotide diversity π divided by four times the mutation rate, estimated as \({{\boldsymbol{4}}{\boldsymbol{.}}{\boldsymbol{6}}\,{{\times}}\,{\boldsymbol{10}}}^{{\boldsymbol{-}}{\boldsymbol{9}}}\) (Smeds et al. 2016). We performed 1000 bootstraps by sampling only unrelated individuals for all populations. Standard-error (SE) around the N_e mean indicates the variation among the different bootstraps.

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