Fig. 4: Locations of selected single-copy genes in four Xenopus species and phylogenetic relationships of these species with respect to NOR locations. | Heredity

Fig. 4: Locations of selected single-copy genes in four Xenopus species and phylogenetic relationships of these species with respect to NOR locations.

From: FISH mapping in Xenopus pygmaeus refines understanding of genomic rearrangements and reveals jumping NORs in African clawed frogs

Fig. 4: Locations of selected single-copy genes in four Xenopus species and phylogenetic relationships of these species with respect to NOR locations.

The gene positions in X. tropicalis and X. laevis were taken from genome databases (Bredeson et al. 2024; Session et al. 2016). Gene localizations in X. mellotropicalis and X. pygmaeus were adopted from Knytl et al. (2018) and this study, respectively. Translocation-associated genes (cept1, gyg2, fn1, ndufs1, and sf3b1) are shown in subgenera Silurana (A) and Xenopus (B). A In X. tropicalis (Silurana), genes are considered to have ancestral positions. In X. mellotropicalis, the sf3b1 gene was translocated from chromosome 9b to pericentromeric region of chromosome 2b (indicated by dashed arrow and described in red font). B In X. laevis, translocation-associated genes cept1 and gyg2 were annotated on one homeologous chromosome each, specifically on chromosome 2S and 2L, respectively. The remaining translocation-associated genes fn1, ndufs1, and fn1 were annotated on both homeologous chromosomes 9_10L and 9_10S. In contrast, we mapped all translocation-associated genes on both homeologous chromosomes in X. pygmaeus. In addition, positions of the cept1 and gyg2 genes were inverted on chromosome 2S (indicated by dashed arrows and described in red font). C Fusion-associated genes (fn1, ndufs1, sf3b1, nomo3, bmp7, and sox9) depicted on X. tropicalis chromosomes 9 and 10, and X. laevis and X. pygmaeus chromosomes 9_10L and 9_10S. The order of the fusion-associated genes in these three species revealed that the fusion between chromosomes 9 and 10 is shared in X. laevis and X. pygmaeus. D A schematic phylogenetic tree showing variation in the NOR positioning. Two species from subgenus Silurana (X. tropicalis, X. mellotropicalis) and two species from subgenus Xenopus (X. pygmaeus, X. laevis) are shown for clear understanding of evolution by rearrangements depicted in A, B, and C. Chromosomes in parentheses associated with each species are NOR-carrying chromosomes (this study; Gvoždík et al. 2024; Knytl et al. 2017; Tymowska 1991). Hymenochirus sp. was used as an outgroup. A–C Created with BioRender.com, (D): created with Geneious Prime and modified in Adobe Photoshop.

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