Fig. 5: The effect of male development temperature on the number of offspring produced after two mating opportunities.

Each male temperature-female mating category (left to right: monogamous female mated to an 18 °C male, polyandrous female mated to an 18 °C male, monogamous female mated to a 25 °C male, polyandrous female mated to a 25 °C male) is represented by a stacked bar which includes the offspring produced in vial 1 (initial mating; plain filled bar) and vial 2 (after the opportunity to remate with a new 18 °C male; hatched bar). Almost no offspring were produced in vial 1 by females mated to 25 °C males that went onto remate (polyandrous 25 °C). Monogamous females mated to 18 °C males produced significantly more offspring in vial 1 than polyandrous females initially mated to 18 °C males. The number of offspring produced by females in vial 2 (after the opportunity to remate) did not significantly differ between male temperature-female mating groups (as indicated by “ns” within the hatched bar). Overall, monogamous females mated to 18 °C males produced significantly more offspring than remating females. Significant differences between categories for vial 1 and 2 are shown within the bar (lower case letters), and total reproductive output (vial 1 + vial 2) is shown above the bar (upper case letters). Raw values and sample sizes are provided in Table S9.