Fig. 7: General effects of pleiotropy and environmental change on the evolution and probability of fixation of polyploidy.

Effect of pleiotropy scenario (none, all traits, unreduced gametes; number of pleiotropic loci = 40) and environmental factor (0, 0.1, 0.3) on the A fixation and B frequency of tetraploids in the population under different mutation rates (U = 0.005, 0.05, 0.1; differently colored lines) for 500 generations. Pleiotropy on all traits means that pleiotropy affected both the quantitative trait under directional selection and unreduced gamete production.