Fig. 5: Defence responses to bacterial elicitor harpin after modification of membrane fluidity and microtubules in V. rupestris cells expressing the GFP-AtTuB6 marker.

The concentration of harpin was 9 μg/ml, treatment time was 1 h. Extracellular alkalinisation (A) and steady-state transcript levels of the phytoalexin-synthesis genes PAL, RS, and StSy (B) were monitored against Elongation Factor 1-α (EF1-α) as internal standard for quantification. Data represent means and standard error from three biological replicates with three technical replicates each. Means denoted by different letters are significantly different at P < 0.05