Fig. 9: Working model (A) and implications (B) for membrane-associated immune responses in grapevine.
From: Dissecting the membrane-microtubule sensor in grapevine defence
A The working model for defence triggered by flg22 (green) and harpin (red): flg22 is perceived by the membrane receptor FLS2, causing a rapid calcium influx, which partially activates transcription of genes PAL, RS, StSy or gene JAZ1. DMSO decreases plasma membrane fluidity, causes microtubule reorganisation, which also induces calcium influx. Harpin activates RboH, changing actin, which will destabilise microtubules, this activates phytoalexins synthesis genes and JAZ1. Apoplastic ROS from RboH can secondarily activate the calcium channel, leading to a delayed pH response. BA increases plasma membrane fluidity, modulating RboH activity. B Implications derived from the working model shown in A: Implications 1–4 Events predicted by the model for incubation with modulators of membrane fluidity (DMSO, BA), or microtubules (taxol, oryzalin); Implications 5–9 Events predicted by the model for treatment with harpin alone or in combination with modulators or membrane fluidity or microtubules; Implications 10–12 Events predicted by the model for treatment with flg22 alone or in combination with modulators or membrane fluidity or microtubules
