Fig. 1: The public’s concerns about the use of PHR data without identifiers for health care research.

The results of the questionnaire asking participants about their concerns regarding the use of different types of data for medical research after their identifiable information had been removed. The multiple-choice answers revealed that regardless of the data type, the respondents’ top three concerns were data leakage (≧55.5%), data being used without their knowledge (≧50.4%), and unauthorized use of their data (≧48.8%).