Table 1 Baseline characteristics

From: Risk of developing type 2 diabetes according to blood pressure levels and presence or absence of hypertensive treatment: the Saku study

Variables

Not receiving antihypertensive medication

Receiving antihypertensive medication

P value

 

Optimal BP

Normal BP

High-normal BP

Grade I hypertension

Grade II/III hypertension

Controlled hypertension

Uncontrolled hypertension

 

n

1647

543

338

244

42

565

129

 

Men %

48.9

61.3

62.4

68.4

76.2

55.6

65.9

 < 0.001

Age, years

56.1 (9.1)

58.7 (8.2)

58.6 (8.5)

58.7 (8.1)

58.6 (8.6)

63.2 (7.0)

63.4 (7.8)

 < 0.001

HDL-cholesterol, mmol/l

1.57 (0.38)

1.53 (0.38)

1.48 (0.35)

1.47 (0.36)

1.62 (0.39)

1.49 (0.36)

1.50 (0.37)

 < 0.001

Triglycerides, mmol/l

0.98 (0.71–1.37)

1.10 (0.78–1.51)

1.13 (0.85–1.69)

1.22 (0.85–1.79)

1.20 (0.82–1.78)

1.08 (0.80–1.54)

1.12 (0.85–1.68)

 < 0.001

Dyslipidemia (%)

36.5

41.4

46.8

53.6

43.5

36.7

44.6

 < 0.001

FPG, mmol/l

5.37 (0.45)

5.49 (0.46)

5.5 (0.45)

5.65 (0.52)

5.68 (0.48)

5.58 (0.48)

5.61 (0.51)

 < 0.001

2-h PG, mmol/l

6.25 (1.34)

6.65 (1.44)

6.75 (1.45)

6.97 (1.46)

6.87 (1.39)

6.91 (1.44)

7.24 (1.45)

 < 0.001

Prediabetes (%)

 IFG, IGT

6.4, 10.0

10.9, 13.3

12.2, 16.6

20.1, 20.5

26.2, 7.1

14.7, 17.7

19.4, 25.6

 < 0.001

 HOMA-IR*

0.87 (0.57–1.28)

0.99 (0.67–1.49)

1.06 (0.73–1.59)

1.12 (0.75–1.70)

1.29 (0.65–1.85)

1.12 (0.76–1.69)

1.16 (0.74–1.91)

 < 0.001

 Insulinogenic index*

0.61 (0.36–1.02)

0.54 (0.33–0.97)

0.33 (0.56–0.99)

0.46 (0.32–0.88)

0.53 (0.34–0.85)

0.53 (0.34–0.92)

0.50 (0.31–0.86)

0.011

 BMI, kg/m2

22.2 (2.8)

23.2 (2.9)

23.5 (2.8)

24.0 (3.2)

24.1 (3.0)

23.9 (2.9)

24.3 (3.2)

 < 0.001

 Obesity (%)

14.9

24.7

27.8

33.6

38.1

32.2

38.0

 < 0.001

Smoking status (%)

  Never, current, quit

59.7, 16.0, 24.2

51.6, 17.7, 30.8

54.4, 14.2, 31.4

48.8, 16.0, 35.2

38.1, 21.4, 40.5

53.8, 11.2, 35.0

41.9, 17.8, 40.3

 < 0.001

Alcohol consumption (%)

  Non-, moderate, heavy

50.0, 30.2, 19.8

41.6, 28.5, 29.8

37.3, 29.9, 32.8

34.4, 27.9, 37.7

26.2, 33.3, 40.5

43.7, 26.7, 29.6

29.5, 23.3, 47.3

 < 0.001

Physical activity (%)

  0, 1–59, ≥ 60 min/week

36.8, 34.4, 28.8

37.4, 30.8, 31.9

32.0, 30.8, 37.3

35.2, 29.9, 34.8

33.3, 31.0, 35.7

33.8, 27.3, 38.9

34.9, 32.6, 32.6

0.006

Family history of diabetes (%)

15.6

14.0

15.7

16.0

16.7

14.0

15.5

0.994

  1. BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, IFG impaired fasting glucose, IGT impaired glucose tolerance, PG plasma glucose. Continuous variables with normal distributions were presented as means (standard deviations). *Continuous variables with non-normal distributions were presented as 50th centile (25–75th centile). Dyslipidemia was defined as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol < 1.03 mmol/l and/or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol cholesterol ≥ 3.62 mmol/l and/or triglycerides ≥ 1.69 mmol/l. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2
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