Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to chronic kidney disease status

From: Differential effects of arterial stiffness and fluid overload on blood pressure according to renal function in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease

Variable

Total (n = 1531)

non-CKD (n = 1067)

CKD (n = 464)

P

Age (year)

60.4 ± 11.2

59.9 ± 10.9

61.5 ± 11.7

0.007

Male sex (%)

843 (55.1)

589 (55.2)

254 (54.7)

0.868

Smoking (%)a

702 (46.0)

488 (45.9)

214 (46.3)

0.870

Alcohol (%)

1034 (67.8)

727 (68.4)

307 (66.5)

0.456

Diabetes mellitus (%)

597 (39.2)

372 (35.1)

225 (48.6)

<0.001

Hypertension (%)

1285 (84.3)

877 (82.7)

408 (87.9)

0.009

CVD (%)

301 (19.7)

246 (23.1)

55 (11.9)

<0.001

Height (cm)

162.5 ± 8.9

162.7 ± 9.0

162.1 ± 8.6

0.205

Weight (kg)

67.0 ± 12.4

67.5 ± 12.6

65.8 ± 11.9

0.016

BMI (kg/m2)

25.3 ± 3.59

25.4 ± 3.5

25.0 ± 3.8

0.059

24-h systolic BP (mm Hg)

129.1 ± 13.7

127.9 ± 12.7

131.7 ± 15.4

<0.001

24-h diastolic BP (mm Hg)

77.5 ± 7.73

77.4 ± 7.7

77.6 ± 7.8

0.636

24-h pulse pressure (mm Hg)

51.6 ± 10.4

50.5 ± 9.3

54.1 ± 12.1

<0.001

Dipper (%)

785 (51.3)

598 (56.1)

187 (40.4)

<0.001

Non-dipper (%)

594 (38.8)

379 (35.6)

215 (46.4)

<0.001

Reverse dipper (%)

150 (9.8)

89 (8.3)

61 (13.2)

0.004

baPWV high (cm/s)

1554 ± 317

1519 ± 303

1635 ± 336

<0.001

baPWV mean (cm/s)

1504 ± 328

1474 ± 301

1572 ± 374

<0.001

ECW/TBWa

0.384 (0.379-0.391)

0.383 (0.378-0.389)

0.389 (0.381-0.395)

<0.001

Overhydration (%)b

93 (6.3)

34 (3.3)

59 (13.1)

<0.001

Laboratory finding

    

 WBC (per 1000 cells/μL)

6.82 ± 2.00

6.64 ± 1.84

7.18 ± 2.24

<0.001

 hs-CRP (mg/L)c

0.8 (0.5-1.5)

0.8 (0.5-1.5)

0.9 (0.6-1.9)

0.003

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

13.5 ± 1.94

14.1 ± 1.5

12.2 ± 2.0

<0.001

 Calcium (mg/dL)

9.1 ± 0.4

9.2 ± 0.4

9.0 ± 0.6

<0.001

 Inorganic P (mg/dL)

3.6 ± 0.6

3.6 ± 0.5

3.8 ± 0.7

<0.001

 Cholesterol (mg/dL)

172.7 ± 37.1

174.3 ± 36.9

169.0 ± 37.4

0.011

 HDL-C (mg/dL)

48.7 ± 13.0

50.1 ± 12.8

45.3 ± 13.1

<0.001

 LDL-C (mg/dL)

95.6 ± 30.2

96.9 ± 30.5

92.5 ± 29.2

0.012

 Albumin (g/dL)

4.23 ± 0.34

4.31 ± 0.27

4.04 ± 0.40

<0.001

 eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)

72.4 ± 28.9

88.8 ± 13.7

34.6 ± 16.3

<0.001

 BUN (mg/dL)

21.7 ± 13.4

15.8 ± 4.3

35.2 ± 17.0

<0.001

 Creatinine (mg/dL)c

0.92 (0.74-1.29)

0.81 (0.68-0.95)

1.82 (1.36-2.81)

<0.001

 Serum sodium (mmol/L)

141.5 ± 2.23

141.5 ± 2.1

141.4 ± 2.4

0.257

 Serum potassium (mmol/L)

4.5 ± 0.5

4.4 ± 0.4

4.8 ± 0.5

<0.001

 uACR (mg/g Cr)c

5.06 (1.32-42.01)

2.19 (0.97-8.18)

39.59 (8.58-106.3)

<0.001

Antihypertensive drugs

 ACEi (%)

68 (4.4)

49 (4.6)

19 (4.1)

0.664

 ARB (%)

763 (49.8)

498 (46.7)

265 (57.1)

<0.001

 Beta blocker (%)

441 (28.8)

279 (26.1)

162 (34.9)

<0.001

 Calcium channel blocker (%)

596 (38.9)

378 (35.4)

218 (47.0)

<0.001

 Diuretics (%)

384 (25.1)

247 (23.1)

137 (29.5)

0.008

 Alpha blocker (%)

49 (3.2)

18 (1.7)

31 (6.7)

<0.001

 Number of antihypertensive drugsc,d

1.0 (1.0-2.0)

1.0 (0.0-2.0)

2.0 (1.0-3.0)

<0.001

  1. CKD chronic kidney disease, CVD cardiovascular disease, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, baPWV brachial to ankle pulse-wave velocity, ECW/TBW extracellular water to total body water ratio, WBC white blood cell, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, BUN blood urea nitrogen, uACR urine albumin to creatinine ratio, ACEiangiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor,ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker
  2. aBoth current and former smoking
  3. bOverhydration was defined as an ECW/TBW of ≥0.400
  4. cMann–Whitney U-test
  5. dAntihypertensive medications include angiotensin II receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, β-blockers, α-blockers, and diuretics
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