Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

From: Determinants of pulse pressure amplification in hypertensive and diabetic patients

 

Men

Women

Age effect

Gender effect

Age and gender effect

Hypertension effect

Diabetes effect

Hypertension and diabetes effect

 

≤55 years

>55 years

≤55 years

>55 years

      

N

119

252

77

176

      

Age (years)a

48 ± 6

67 ± 7

47 ± 6

66 ± 7

—

0.33

—

<0.0001

0.0007

<0.0001

Weight (Kg)a

82.1 ± 15.7

82.3 ± 13.5

73.8 ± 15.7

72 ± 15

0.48

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<>0.0001

<0.0001

Height (cm)a

176 ± 7

173 ± 7

164 ± 7

160 ± 6

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.15

0.14

0.16

Body mass index (Kg/m2)a

26.6 ± 4.5

27.5 ± 4.54

27.4 ± 5.44

28.2 ± 5.97

0.06

0.07

0.02

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Glycated hemoglobina

6.08 ± 1.39

6.36 ± 1.23

5.9 ± 1.3

6.46 ± 1.51

0.003

0.96

0.006

0.001

<0.0001

<0.0001

Creatinine clearanceb, a

86.5 ± 19.8

76.5 ± 21.7

86.7 ± 21.8

74.1 ± 19

<0.0001

0.67

<0.0001

0.0004

0.41

0.002

Microalbuminuria (n,%)c

15 (13)

49 (19)

6 (8)

18 (10)

0.73

0.21

0.002

0.006

<0.0001

<0.0001

Smokers (n, %)d

16 (17.20)

21 (8.90)

4 (6.35)

12 (7.32)

0.10

0.09

0.06

0.05

0.97

0.15

Dyslipidemia (n, %)e

32 (27)

102 (41)

15 (20)

56 (32)

0.32

0.003

0.002

0.01

<0.0001

<0.0001

Previous CV events (n, %)

14 (12)

74 (29)

7 (9)

23 (13)

0.001

0.01

<0.0001

0.02

0.28

0.51

Carotid plaques (n, %)

29 (24)

118 (47)

13 (17)

62 (35)

0.0006

0.005

<0.0001

0.03

0.01

0.004

LDL cholesterol (mM/L)a

2.01 (1.1)

1.93 (1.1)

1.98 (1.1)

2.34 (1.2)

0.20

0.05

0.01

0.71

0.81

0.91

Cholesterol total (mM/L)a

4.9 ± 1.2

4.4 ± 1

5.3 ± 1

5.2 ± 1.1

0.06

0.0001

<0.0001

0.0002

<0.0001

0.25

Systolic BP (mmHg)a

131 ± 15

134 ± 16

130 ± 17

134 ± 16

0.01

0.46

0.001

<0.0001

0.005

<0.0001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)a

81 ± 10

77 ± 9

78 ± 10

74 ± 9

<>0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.76

0.005

Mean BP (mmHg)a

98 ± 11

97 ± 10

96 ± 12

95 ± 10

0.11

0.02

0.007

<0.0001

0.62

<0.0001

Heart ratea

70 ± 13

67 ± 12

71 ± 11

71 ± 11

0.18

0.02

0.008

0.22

<0.0001

<0.0001

Brachial PP (mmHg)a

51.5 ± 8.5

57.3 ± 12.8

49.2 ± 11.4

57.8 ± 12.7

<0.0001

<>0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.0002

<0.0001

Carotid PP (mmHg)a

36.1 ± 8.9

43.5 ± 13

37.4 ± 13.4

45.2 ± 13.1

<0.0001

0.0009

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.001

<0.0001

PP amplificationa

1.43 ± 0.17

1.32 ± 0.15

1.32 ± 0.17

1.28 ± 0.13

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

0.04

0.0004

0.0002

Hypertensive subjects (n, %)

70 (59)

193 (65)

44 (57)

135 (77)

<0.0001

0.86

<0.0001

—

0.0006

—

Hypertension durationa

3.6 ± 6.7

9.8 ± 10.1

4.4 ± 7.2

9.5 ± 10.4

 < 0.0001

0.85

<0.0001

—

0.01

<0.0001

Diabetic subjects (n, %)

34 (29)

105 (42)

20 (26)

69 (39)

0.009

0.54

0.003

0.0006

—

—

Diabetes durationa

7.4 ± 10.6

11.2 ± 11.8

9.3 ± 12.5

11.1 ± 11

0.06

0.55

0.03

0.12

—

<0.0001

Hypertensive and diabetic subjects (n, %)

23 (19)

89 (35)

13 (17)

55 (31)

<0.0001

0.42

<0.0001

<0.0001

<0.0001

—

  1. CV cardiovascular, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, BP blood pressure, PP pulse pressure
  2. aMean value ±SD
  3. bCreatinine clearance using MDRD formula
  4. cMicroalbuminuria defined as urinary albumin excretion of 30–300 mg/day
  5. dCurrent smokers
  6. ePatients receiving lipid-lowering medication or classified as dyslipidemic
  7. The “age effect” was estimated between ≤55 years patients versus >55 years patients. The “gender effect” as estimated between men patients versus women patients
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