Table 1 Baseline characteristics

Male, n (%)

39 (76.5)

Age, years

63.0 ± 9.8

  ≥65 years, n (%)

24 (47.1)

Body mass index, kg/m²

26.3 ± 3.8

  ≥25 kg/m², n (%)

33 (64.7)

Systolic BP, mmHg

158.7 ± 10.9

  ≥160 mmHg, n (%)

23 (45.1)

Diastolic BP, mmHg

89.0 ± 5.9

  ≥100 mmHg, n (%)

1 (2.0)

Diabetic complications, n (%)

34 (66.7)

  Diabetic retinopathy

27 (52.9)

  Diabetic neuropathy

17 (33.3)

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

39 (76.5)

Hyperuricemia, n (%)

13 (25.5)

Serum K⁺, mEq/L

4.2 ± 0.3

  ≥4.5 mEq/L, n (%)

11 (21.6)

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m²

73.1 ± 19.5

  <60 mL/min/1.73 m², n (%)

15 (29.4)

HbA1c, %

6.8 ± 0.6

  <6.9%, n (%)

29 (56.9)

  ≥6.9–<7.4%, n (%)

13 (25.5)

  ≥7.4%, n (%)

9 (17.6)

Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL

127.0 ± 23.8

  Median (range)

97.1 (32.3–967.1)

  Geometric mean (95% CI)

123.0 (92.4, 163.6)

  ≥300 mg/g•Cr, n (%)

11 (21.6)

  ARB

45 (88.2)

  ACE inhibitor

6 (11.8)

Antihyperglycemic agents, n (%)

48 (94.1)

  DPP4 inhibitor

29 (56.9)

  SGLT2 inhibitor

6 (11.8)

  GLP-1 receptor agonist

5 (9.8)

  Others

45 (88.2)

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, n (%)

25 (49.0)