Fig. 2

Fumarase insufficiency is associated with increased NADPH, NADP⁺ and reduced total GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio. a NADPH and NADP⁺ levels were detected in negative control and FH insufficient HK-2 cells. b NADPH/NADP⁺ ratio. c Total GSH (GSH + GSSH) and GSH levels. d GSSG levels. e GSH/GSSG ratio. f Fold changes of the glutamate, glycine, and l-cysteine levels in FH-insufficient HK-2 cells were calculated as a ratio relative to the negative control. Scramble siRNA targeting FH had no sequence homology with any mammalian genes as a negative control. Data are presented as the mean value ± SEM, n = 6, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 compared to NC cells