Table 1 Clinical and blood pressure characteristics of participants not using blood pressure-lowering lowering medications

Male sex, n (%)

86 (44)

36 (53)

22 (58)

85 (55)

Age, years

42.2 ± 15.6

45.7 ± 16.7

46.8 ± 15.2

47.1 ± 14.5*

Body mass index, k/m²

27.0 ± 4.2

27.6 ± 4.3

27.5 ± 3.3

28.8 ± 11.4

Hypolipemiant med, n (%)

7 (4)

4 (6)

2 (5)

7 (5)

Antidiabetic med, n (%)

8 (4)

3 (4)

0 (0)

8 (5)

Physical activity, n (%)

63 (33)

26 (38)

12 (32)

43 (28)

Current smoking, n (%)

2 (1)

0 (0)

1 (3)

6 (4)

Office SBP, mmHg

120.8 ± 10.3

140.2 ± 12.4*

124.7 ± 10.2^†

144.5 ± 16.9*^‡

Office DBP, mmHg

77.4 ± 7.6

89.5 ± 8.9*

82.4 ± 7.4*^†

98.1 ± 10.9*^†‡

Office MAP, mmHg

91.9 ± 7.1

106.4 ± 6.0*

96.5 ± 7.5*^†

113.6 ± 10.3*^†‡

24 h SBP, mmHg

113.5 ± 7.7

118.0 ± 6.1*

126.9 ± 9.2*^†

129.7 ± 9.6*^†

24 h DBP, mmHg

70.3 ± 5.9

73.6 ± 4.4*

82.1 ± 5.4*^†

85.8 ± 6.8*^†‡

24 h MAP, mmHg

84.7 ± 5.6

88.4 ± 3.6*

97.1 ± 5.0*^†

100.4 ± 6.6*^†‡

Daytime SBP, mmHg

116.3 ± 7.8

121.1 ± 7.4*

130.0 ± 8.8*^†

133.0 ± 9.3*†

Daytime DBP, mmHg

73.3 ± 6.5

76.4 ± 5.3*

84.9 ± 6.6*^†

89.1 ± 7.6*^†‡

Daytime MAP, mmHg

87.6 ± 6.0

91.3 ± 4.8*

99.9 ± 5.6*^†

103.7 ± 7.0*^†‡

Nighttime SBP, mmHg

108.9 ± 9.2

113.0 ± 7.4

121.2 ± 12.1*^†

123.2 ± 15.2*^†

Nighttime DBP, mmHg

65.2 ± 6.8

69.1 ± 5.3*

77.1 ± 6.3*^†

79.9 ± 8.6*^†

Nighttime MAP, mmHg

79.8 ± 6.8

83.7 ± 4.9*

91.8 ± 7.2*^†

94.3 ± 9.5*^†