Fig. 4

Impact of luseogliflozin treatment on sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and circadian rhythm. Low frequency (LF) of systolic blood pressure (SBP) reflects the level of SNA. (a) Average 24-h LF of SBP during feeding with a NSD (0.3% NaCl) or HSD (8% NaCl) and after switching back to a NSD in adenine-induced CKD rats with or without luseogliflozin treatment. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. vehicle group; ##P < 0.01 vs. adenine group. Average 12-h LF of SBP in the inactive and active periods (b) during feeding with a NSD, (c) after 5 days of a HSD, and (d) 2 days after switching to a NSD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 vs. the inactive period of the respective group; #P < 0.05, ###P < 0.001 vs. the active period of the vehicle group; †P < 0.05 vs. the active period of the adenine group