Table 1 Studies on RAS blockade and the benefit or risk of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in patients with advanced CKD
From: Role of renin-angiotensin system blockade in advanced CKD: to use or not to use?
Authors | Design | Patient’s number included | Follow-up | Comparison | CKD stage | Outcome | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiovascular outcome | Renal outcome | ||||||||
Hou et al. [7] | Prospective observation | Group 1: 141 | 3.4 years | Before vs. after initiating RASi | sCr 1.5–3.0 | NA | Composite of 2xsCr, RRT, or death | 22% primary end point (better than Group 2 RASi) | |
RCT | Group 2: 281 | 3.4 years | Initiating RASi vs. placebo | sCr 3.1–5.0 | NA | Composite of 2xsCr, RRT, or death | Favors initiating RASi (41% RASi and 60% placebo) | ||
Fu et al. [8] | Retrospective cohort | 4803 | 4.1 years | Initiating RASi vs. CCB | G4-5 | MACE | NS | RRT | Favors initiating RASi |
Ahmed et al. [9] | Prospective observation | 52 | >12 months | Before vs. after stopping RASi | G4-5 | NA | eGFR slope (mL/min/year) | −0.39 vs. +4.38 | |
Qiao et al. [10] | Retrospective cohort | 3909 | 2.9 years | Continuing vs. stopping RASi | G4-5 | 5-year all-cause death MACE | Favors continuing RASi Favors continuing RASi | RRT | NS |
Walther et al. [11] | Retrospective cohort | 141,252 | 4.87 years | Continuing vs. stopping RASi | G3-4 | All-cause death | Favors continuing RASi | RRT | Favors continuing RASi |
Fu et al. [12] | Retrospective cohort | 10,254 | >5 years | Continuing vs. stopping RASi | G4-5 | 5-year all-cause death MACE | Favors continuing RASi Favors continuing RASi | RRT | Favors stopping RASi |
Nakayama et al. [13] | Retrospective cohort | 334 | >6 months | With RASi vs. without RASi | G5D | NA | Unplanned RRT | Favors using RASi | |
Bhandari et al. [14] (STOP-ACEi trial) | RCT | 410 | 3 years | Continuing vs. stopping RASi | G4-5 | Hospitalization from any cause Cardiovascular events or death | Ongoing | eGFR RRT or eGFR decline >50% Time to RRT | Ongoing |
