Table 3 Cumulative effect of exposure to fat mass, lean mass, and blood pressure from age 9 to 24 years on carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and carotid intima media thickness at 24 years of age

From: Cumulative muscle mass and blood pressure but not fat mass drives arterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness progression in the young population and is unrelated to vascular organ damage

N = 1852

Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity

Carotid intima-media thickness

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

 

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Total fat mass (kg)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.007 (0.002–0.012)

0.849

−0.001 (−0.006–0.004)

0.763

0.002 (−0.002−0.006)

0.923

−0.0003 (−0.004−0.003)

0.883

High category

−0.001 (−0.005–−0.004)

0.007

0.006 (0.001–0.011)

0.020

−0.0002 (−0.004–0.003)

0.316

0.002 (−0.002–0.008)

0.347

Trunk fat mass (kg)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.001 (−0.004–0.006)

0.656

0.001 (−0.004–0.006)

0.745

−0.001 (−0.005–0.002)

0.503

−0.001 (−0.005–0.002)

0.472

High category

0.006 (0.001–0.011)

0.024

0.005 (−0.0001–0.010)

0.053

0.001 (−0.003–0.004)

0.751

0.001 (−0.003–0.004)

0.736

Lean mass (kg)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.003 (−0.002− 0.008)

0.209

0.003 (−0.002−0.008)

0.309

0.006 (0.003 – 0.009)

<0.0001

0.006 (0.003−0.009)

<0.0001

High category

0.015 (0.009−0.021)

<0.0001

0.014 (0.008−0.020)

<0.0001

0.014 (0.010−0.018)

<0.0001

0.014 (0.010−0.017)

<0.0001

Total fat mass index (kg/m2)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

−0.002 (−0.007–0.003)

0.514

−0.002 (−0.007–0.003)

0.486

−0.002 (−0.005–0.002)

0.341

−0.002 (−0.005–0.002)

0.329

High category

0.003 (−0.002–0.009)

0.245

0.003 (−0.003–0.008)

0.349

0.001 (−0.003–0.005)

0.591

0.001 (−0.003–0.005)

0.581

Trunk fat mass index (kg/m2)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

−0.002 (−0.007− 0.003)

0.411

−0.002 (−0.007–0.003)

0.400

–0.003 (−0.007–0.001)

0.126

−0.003 (−0.007–0.001)

0.112

High category

0.002 (−0.003− 0.007)

0.455

0.001 (–0.004–0.007)

0.588

−0.0001 (−0.004–0.004)

0.956

−0.0001 (−0.004–0.004)

0.975

Lean mass index (kg/m2)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

−0.006 (−0.011–−0.002)

0.010

−0.006 (−0.011–−0.002)

0.008

0.003 (−0.004–0.006)

0.083

0.003 (−0.004–0.006)

0.083

High category

0.0001 (−0.005–0.005)

0.977

−0.006 (−0.006–0.005)

0.934

0.010 (0.007–0.014)

<0.0001

0.010 (0.007–0.014)

<0.0001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.003 (−0.002–0.008)

0.194

0.003 (−0.002–0.007)

0.259

0.001 (−0.002–0.004)

0.726

0.001 (−0.003–0.004)

0.770

High category

0.008 (0.003–0.013)

0.001

0.007 (0.002–0.012)

0.004

0.007 (0.004–0.011)

<0.0001

0.007 (0.004–0.011)

<0.0001

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.005 (0.001 – 0.010)

0.022

0.005 (0.001 – 0.009)

0.033

0.002 (-0.001–0.005)

0.101

0.002 (−0.001–0.005)

0.105

High category

0.013 (0.008–0.017)

<0.0001

0.011 (0.006–0.016)

<0.0001

0.012 (0.009–0.015)

<0.0001

0.012 (0.009–0.015)

<0.0001

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.008 (0.003–0.012)

0.001

0.008 (0.003–0.012)

0.001

0.001 (−0.002–0.004)

0.463

0.001 (−0.002–0.004)

0.458

High category

0.016 (0.012–0.021)

<0.0001

0.016 (0.011–0.020)

<0.0001

0.002 (−0.001–0.005)

0.239

0.002 (−0.001–0.005)

0.286

  1. Effect estimates and CI, confidence interval, from linear mixed model analyses. Differences and associations with p-value < 0.05 are considered statistically significant
  2. Model 1 was adjusted for age at baseline, sex, time, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein, fasting blood glucose, and fat mass and/or lean mass depending on the predictor
  3. Model 2 Further adjustment of model 1 for moderate to vigorous physical activity at 24 years, smoking status, and family history of hypertension/diabetes/high cholesterol/vascular disease
  4. A 2-sided P-value < 0.05 (in bold) is considered statistically significant
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