Table 4 Cumulative effect of exposure to fat mass, lean mass, and blood pressure from age 9 to 24 years on a 7-year change in carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness from age 17 to 24 years

From: Cumulative muscle mass and blood pressure but not fat mass drives arterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness progression in the young population and is unrelated to vascular organ damage

N = 3863

Carotid femoral pulse wave velocity

Carotid intima-media thickness

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 1

Model 2

 

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Total fat mass (kg)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.0002 (−0.004–0.005)

0.898

0.0003 (−0.004–0.005)

0.872

0.001 (−0.003–0.005)

0.517

0.001 (−0.003–0.005)

0.557

High category

0.001 (−0.003–0.006)

0.588

0.001 (−0.004–0.006)

0.627

0.003 (−0.001–0.006)

0.110

0.003 (−0.001–0.006)

0.108

Trunk fat mass (kg)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.0004 (−0.005–0.006)

0.354

0.0003 (−0.005–0.005)

0.875

0.0003 (−0.003–0.004)

0.872

0.0003 (−0.003–0.004)

0.863

High category

0.001 (−0.004–0.006)

0.612

0.001 (−0.004–0.006)

0.667

0.002 (−0.003–0.006)

0.444

0.002 (−0.002–0.006)

0.385

Lean mass (kg)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

−0.0001 (−0.004–0.004)

0.944

0.0001 (−0.004–0.004)

0.996

0.007 (0.004–0.010)

<0.0001

0.007 (0.003–0.010)

<0.0001

High category

0.005 (0.001–0.009)

0.027

0.006 (0.001–0.010)

0.022

0.012 (0.007–0.016)

<0.0001

0.012 (0.008–0.016)

<0.0001

Total fat mass index (kg/m2)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.003 (−0.003–0.008)

0.348

0.003 (−0.003–0.008)

0.355

−0.0002 (−0.004–0.003)

0.913

−0.0002 (−0.004–0.004)

0.919

High category

0.001 (−0.006–0.008)

0.779

0.001 (−0.007–0.008)

0.833

0.001 (−0.003–0.005)

0.634

−0.001 (−0.003–0.006)

0.617

Trunk fat mass index (kg/m2)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

−0.0002 (−0.005–0.005)

0.932

−0.0003 (−0.005–0.005)

0.926

−0.0002 (−0.004–0.004)

0.990

−0.0005 (−0.004–0.004)

0.672

High category

−0.0001 (−0.006–0.006)

0.978

−0.0002 (−0.006–0.0006)

0.993

0.001 (−0.003–0.005)

0.677

0.001 (−0.003–0.004)

0.649

Lean mass index (kg/m2)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

−0.003 (−0.007–0.002)

0.249

−0.002 (−0.007–0.002)

0.312

0.004 (0.001–0.007)

0.019

0.004 (0.001–0.007)

0.025

High category

0.004 (−0.007–0.009)

0.087

0.005 (−0.005–0.010)

0.081

0.006 (0.003–0.010)

0.001

0.006 (0.003–0.010)

0.001

Body mass index (kg/m2)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.002 (−0.002–0.005)

0.356

0.002 (−0.002–0.006)

0.306

0.003 (−0.001–0.006)

0.112

0.003 (−0.001–0.006)

0.120

High category

−0.001 (−0.005–0.004)

0.719

−0.001 (−0.005–0.004)

0.727

0.007 (0.003–0.011)

0.001

0.007 (0.003–0.011)

0.001

Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.007 (0.003–0.012)

0.003

0.007 (0.003–0.012)

0.003

0.001 (−0.002–0.004)

0.538

0.001 (−0.003–0.004)

0.526

High category

0.013 (0.009–0.017)

<0.0001

0.013 (0.009–0.017)

<0.0001

0.009 (0.006–0.014)

<0.0001

0.010 (0.006–0.014)

<0.0001

Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.015 (0.011–0.019)

<0.0001

0.015 (0.011–0.018)

<0.0001

−0.0002 (−0.003–0.003)

0.890

−0.0002 (−0.003–0.003)

0.891

High category

0.023 (0.020–0.027)

<0.0001

0.023 (0.019–0.027)

<0.0001

0.001 (−0.002–0.004)

0.647

0.001 (−0.002–0.004)

0.622

  1. Effect estimates and CI, confidence interval, from linear mixed model analyses. Differences and associations with p-value < 0.05 are considered statistically significant
  2. Model 1 was adjusted for age at baseline, sex, time, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein, fasting blood glucose, and fat mass and/or lean mass depending on the predictor
  3. Model 2 Further adjustment of model 1 for moderate to vigorous physical activity at 24 years, smoking status, and family history of hypertension/diabetes/high cholesterol/vascular disease
  4. A 2-sided P-value < 0.05 (in bold) is considered statistically significant
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