Table 5 Role of the risk of vascular organ damage (subclinical atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis) on the cumulative effect of total fat mass, lean mass, and systolic blood pressure from 9–24 years on 7-year change in carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness from ages 17 to 24 years

From: Cumulative muscle mass and blood pressure but not fat mass drives arterial stiffness and carotid intima-media thickness progression in the young population and is unrelated to vascular organ damage

N = 3863

cfPWV progression (17–24 years)

 

Participants with <90th percentile cIMT (normal cIMT)

Participants with ≥90th percentile cIMT (atherosclerosis)

 

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Cumulative Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (9–24 years)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.004 (0.0004–0.007)

0.028

0.005 (−0.014–0.023)

0.608

High category

0.007 (0.003–0.011)

0.001

0.013 (−0.003–0.028)

0.102

Cumulative Lean mass (kg) (9–24 years)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.001 (−0.003–0.005)

0.698

0.001 (−0.014–0.016)

0.903

High category

0.008 (0.002–0.014)

0.009

0.012 (−0.005–0.029)

0.152

Cumulative Total fat mass (kg) (9–24 years)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.002 (−0.002–0.006)

0.229

0.002 (−0.009–0.014)

0.694

High category

0.003 (−0.002–0.009)

0.228

−0.003 (−0.020–0.014)

0.755

N = 3863

cIMT progression (17–24 years)

 

Participants with < 90th percentile cfPWV (Optimal stiffness)

Participants with ≥ 90th percentile cfPWV (arteriosclerosis)

 

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Effect estimate (95% CI)

p-value

Cumulative Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (9–24 years)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.001 (−0.002–0.004)

0.523

0.008 (−0.003–0.020)

0.155

High category

0.008 (0.005–0.011)

<0.0001

0.013 (0.001–0.025)

0.035

Cumulative Lean mass (kg) (9–24 years)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

0.005 (0.002–0.008)

<0.0001

0.0001 (−0.013–0.013)

0.987

High category

0.010 (0.005 – 0.013)

<0.0001

0.002 (−0.012–0.017)

0.738

Cumulative Total fat mass (kg) (9–24 years)

Low category

Reference

–

Reference

–

Moderate category

−0.001 (−0.004–0.003)

0.697

0.009 (−0.003–0.020)

0.130

High category

0.002 (−0.001–0.006)

0.214

0.001 (−0.012–0.013)

0.895

  1. Model was adjusted for age at baseline, sex, time in years from baseline through follow-up, low-density lipoprotein, C-reactive protein, fasting blood glucose, moderate to vigorous physical activity at 24 years, smoking status, and family history of hypertension/diabetes/high cholesterol/vascular disease, in addition to fat mass, systolic blood pressure, and/or lean mass depending on the predictor
  2. A 2-sided P-value < 0.05 (in bold) is considered statistically significant
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