Table 1 Potential modifiable risk factors for dementia and cognitive impairment [1]

From: CKD could be a new risk factor of dementia

Early life

less education

Midlife

hearing loss

traumatic brain injury

hypertension

excess alcohol drinking

obesity

Later life

smoking

depression

social isolation

physical inactivity

air pollution

diabetes

New candidate

Midlife-Later life

CKD

(eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2)