Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
Total group N = 1008 | Low-risk group N = 102 (Low animal & high plant protein intake) | High-risk group N = 90 (Low plant and high animal protein intake) | Mean difference (SE) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men, N (%) | 506 (50.2) | 50 (49.0) | 48 (53.3) | 0.55 | |
White ethnicity, N (%) | 503 (49.9) | 55 (53.9) | 48 (53.3) | 0.94 | |
Socioeconomic status | 0.049 | ||||
Low | 402 (39.9) | 46 (45.5) | 27 (30.0) | ||
Middle | 303 (30.1) | 29 (28.7) | 27 (30.0) | ||
High | 302 (30.0) | 26 (25.7) | 36 (40.0) | ||
Age (years) | 24.5 ± 3.12 | 24.1 ± 3.23 | 24.7 ± 3.23 | 0.15 | |
Anthropometric profile | |||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 78.5 (16.7) | 75.1 (15.0) | 83.9 (17.3) | 6.73 (1.76) | <0.001 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) | 24.2 (6.72) | 22.3 (6.48) | 25.9 (6.32) | 2.90 (0.81) | <0.001 |
Physical activity | |||||
TEE (kCal/day/kg) | 32.6 ± 4.60 | 33.3 ± 4.81 | 32.3 ± 4.58 | −1.08 (0.77) | 0.16 |
Blood pressure profile | |||||
24-h SBP (mmHg) | 117 ± 9.42 | 114 ± 9.26 | 117 ± 8.45 | 3.32 (1.30) | 0.011 |
24-h DBP (mmHg) | 68 ± 5.77 | 67 ± 5.25 | 68 ± 5.62 | 1.17 (0.79) | 0.14 |
Urinary profile | |||||
Salt intake (g/day) | 8.12 (5.77) | 8.53 (6.21) | 7.88 (6.23) | −0.35 (0.75) | 0.77 |
Sodium excretion (mmol/day) | 137.6 (97.8) | 144.6 (105) | 133.6 (105) | −5.90 (12.8) | 0.77 |
Potassium excretion (mmol/day) | 44.1 (37.8) | 40.4 (26.4) | 51.1 (43.3) | 11.5 (4.45) | 0.039 |
Na+/K+ ratio | 3.21 (2.23) | 3.36 (2.64) | 2.79 (2.06) | −0.67 (0.29) | 0.017 |
Biochemical profile | |||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.66 ± 1.16 | 3.36 ± 1.13 | 3.90 ± 1.18 | 0.54 (0.17) | 0.002 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.11 ± 0.40 | 1.03 ± 0.36 | 1.13 ± 0.45 | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.098 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.39 ± 0.93 | 2.16 ± 0.84 | 2.55 ± 0.90 | 0.39 (0.13) | 0.003 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.31 ± 0.32 | 5.32 ± 0.29 | 5.29 ± 0.34 | −0.03 (0.05) | 0.50 |
GGT (U/L) | 17.1 (16.8) | 15.1 (14.0) | 17.8 (17.1) | 4.94 (2.20) | 0.007 |
CRP (mg/L) | 0.83 (2.17) | 0.54 (1.73) | 1.12 (2.22) | 0.45 (0.49) | 0.007 |
24-h Dietary recall | |||||
Energy intake (KJ) | 7702 (3590) | 8222 (3307) | 7516 (2384) | −461.5 (326) | 0.13 |
Total protein intake (g) | 69.5 (40.0) | 56.7 (24.1) | 88.2 (35.2) | 34.9 (3.26) | <0.001 |
Plant protein intake (g) | 19.0 (12.2) | 28.9 (10.5) | 11.8 (4.49) | −20.4 (1.35) | <0.001 |
Animal protein intake (g) | 41.2 (36.2) | 19.8 (15.2) | 74.2 (34.2) | 57.4 (2.98) | <0.001 |
Potassium intake (mg) | 1851 (1175) | 1809 (921) | 2116 (1121) | 205 (111) | 0.031 |
Fibre intake (g) | 13.0 (9.46) | 19.1 (11.0) | 8.92 (4.77) | −11.3 (1.04) | <0.001 |
Total fat (g) | 66.7 (46.0) | 65.6 (47.8) | 80.2 (50.9) | 14.0 (5.06) | 0.007 |
Saturated fat (g) | 20.9 (16.5) | 20.3 (14.1) | 26.7 (21.1) | 8.37 (1.75) | <0.001 |
Mono-unsaturated fat (g) | 22.8 (17.7) | 20.9 (17.2) | 27.9 (19.4) | 6.56 (1.89) | 0.001 |
Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 14.4 (12.9) | 15.3 (16.1) | 14.0 (10.8) | −1.84 (1.68) | 0.51 |
