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  • Special Issue: Current evidence and perspectives for hypertension management in Asia
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Second home blood pressure measurements per occasion predict incident cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes: KAMOGAWA-HBP study

Hypertension Research volume 48, pages 950–958 (2025)Cite this article

A Correction to this article was published on 19 November 2025

A Comment to this article was published on 22 January 2025

This article has been updated

Abstract

Home blood pressure (HBP) monitoring is a better prognostic predictor than clinical BP monitoring. However, the suggested number of HBP measurements in each occasion varies across guidelines. The study aimed to identify which HBP measurements in each occasion are more closely associated with new cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. This retrospective cohort study included 1058 patients with type 2 diabetes without a history of macrovascular complications. HBP was measured three times each morning and evening for 14 days, and the average value over the 14 days was calculated. During a median follow-up of 7.0 years, 117 patients (11.1%) had cardiovascular events. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to examine the association between the average morning home systolic BP (MHSBP) for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd measurements and cardiovascular events. The adjusted hazard ratios (HR) (95% confidence interval) for the onset of cardiovascular events in the 2nd and 3rd mean MHSBP were 1.129 (1.008–1.265) and 1.135 (1.010–1.275), respectively. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the 2nd, 1st/2nd, 2nd/3rd, and 1st/2nd/3rd mean MHSBP was significantly greater than that of the 1st mean MHSBP (p = 0.040, p = 0.014, p = 0.020, and p = 0.021, respectively). No significant difference was observed between the AUC of the 2nd/3rd and 1st/2nd/3rd mean MHSBP and that of the 1st/2nd mean MHSBP. We recommend that HBP measurements be taken just twice per occasion to predict cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes.

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Change history

  • 13 November 2025

    “The original online version of this article was revised: In the sentences beginning ‘This retrospective cohort study...’ and ‘This study shows that,...’ in this article, the value ‘1082’ have been updated to ‘1058’.”.

  • 19 November 2025

    A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-025-02469-5

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Acknowledgements

The authors express their gratitude to Dr. Yoshihiro Kitagawa and Dr. Shinichi Mogami of Osaka General Hospital, West Japan Railway Company, as well as Dr. Atsushi Omoto and Dr. Wataru Fukuda of Kyoto First Red Cross Hospital, for their support with data collection. We also extend our thanks to Terumi Kaneko, Naoko Higo, and Machiko Hasegawa of Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine for their guidance to patients on HBP measurement and to Sayoko Tanaka, also from Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, for her administrative assistance. We extend our gratitude to Editage (www.editage.com) for their invaluable assistance in editing the English language content.

Funding

Emi Ushigome received grant support from the Japanese Study Group for Physiology and Management of Blood Pressure and the Astellas Foundation for Research on Metabolic Disorders (Grant number: 4024).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan

    Madoka Sumi, Emi Ushigome, Nobuko Kitagawa, Naoko Nakanishi, Hiroshi Okada, Masahide Hamaguchi & Michiaki Fukui

  2. Department of Diabetology, Kameoka Municipal Hospital, Kyoto, Japan

    Noriyuki Kitagawa

  3. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto First Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan

    Toru Tanaka

  4. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Second Red Cross Hospital, Kyoto, Japan

    Goji Hasegawa

  5. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Osaka General Hospital of West Japan Railway Company, Osaka, Japan

    Masayoshi Ohnishi

  6. Department of Cardiology, Nishijin Hospital, Kyoto, Japan

    Sei Tsunoda

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  1. Madoka Sumi
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  2. Emi Ushigome
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Correspondence to Emi Ushigome.

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“The original online version of this article was revised: In the sentences beginning ‘This retrospective cohort study...’ and ‘This study shows that,...’ in this article, the value ‘1082’ have been updated to ‘1058’.”.

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Sumi, M., Ushigome, E., Kitagawa, N. et al. Second home blood pressure measurements per occasion predict incident cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes: KAMOGAWA-HBP study. Hypertens Res 48, 950–958 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-024-02049-z

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