Table 1 Changes in population characteristics between baseline and four-year follow-up stratified by baseline blood pressure status

From: A prospective analysis to assess the multifactorial risk of childhood-onset hypertension: the ExAMIN Youth SA study

 

Normal blood pressure (n = 484)

Elevated blood pressure (n = 283)

 

Baseline; Follow-up

Difference

p-value

Baseline; Follow-up

Difference

p-value

Non-modifiable risk factors

Age, years

7; 11

+4

<0.001

8; 11

+3

<0.001

Socioeconomic status

5.76; 5.96

+0.20

0.011

6.03; 6.27

+0.24

<0.001

Family history, yes

68; 64

−4

0.17

49; 46

−3

0.22

Health-related quality of life

60.1; 40.1

−20.0

<0.001

61.2; 41.4

−19.8

<0.001

Modifiable risk factors

Blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure, mmHga

97; 106

+9

<0.001

110; 111

+1

0.37

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHga

61; 66

+5

<0.001

70; 69

−1

0.24

Mean arterial pressure, mmHga

76; 82

+6

<0.001

87; 87

─

0.80

Body composition

Body weight, kg

23.9; 38.6

+14.4

<0.001

26.5; 42.5

+16.0

<0.001

Body height, cm

122.1; 144.2

+22.1

<0.001

123.8; 144.9

+21.1

<0.001

BMI-z score

−0.17; 0.01

+0.18

<0.001

0.32; 0.42

+0.10

0.004

Adiposity status

Normal weight

427; 387

−40

<0.001

198; 175

−23

<0.001

Overweight/Obese

57; 97

+40

<0.001

85; 108

+23

<0.001

Cardiorespiratory fitness

20-m shuttle run, laps

28.6; 38.1

+9.5

<0.001

29.7; 39.0

+9.3

<0.001

Heart rate, bpm

86; 79

−7

<0.001

89; 80

−9

<0.001

Food intake frequency per week

Fruits

3.21; 3.15

−0.06

0.63

3.29; 3.56

+0.27

0.092

Vegetables

3.05; 2.98

−0.07

0.56

2.83; 3.18

+0.35

0.015

Milk, yogurt

4.37; 4.09

−0.28

0.060

4.13; 3.99

−0.14

0.39

Meat, fish, poultry, eggs

4.82; 4.77

−0.05

0.70

4.72; 5.05

+0.33

0.038

Sugar-sweetened beverages

4.10; 3.64

−0.46

0.002

4.13; 3.35

−0.78

<0.001

Tea and hot drinks with sugar

3.25; 3.34

+0.09

0.58

3.19; 3.30

+0.11

0.59

Sweets

2.83; 2.93

+0.10

0.47

2.84; 2.62

−0.22

0.20

Salty snacks

2.85; 2.91

+0.06

0.67

3.06; 2.77

−0.29

0.10

Cookies, cakes, biscuits

2.09; 2.14

+0.05

0.70

2.01; 2.01

─

1.0

Fast foods

1.66; 1.95

+0.29

0.005

1.69; 2.01

+0.32

0.029

Urinary biomarkers

Sodium

16.3; 12.5

−3.8

<0.001

16.6; 13.1

−3.5

<0.001

Potassium

3.46; 3.01

−0.45

<0.001

3.24; 3.03

−0.21

0.20

Sodium/Potassium ratio

0.58; 0.45

−0.13

<0.001

0.62; 0.49

−0.13

<0.001

  1. Values were obtained using McNemar test, dependent T-tests and ANCOVA. Values are reported as means and mean change. A negative difference indicates a decline in values from baseline to follow-up. Data in boldface indicates statistical significance for p ≤ 0.05
  2. aBlood pressure values were adjusted for body height and in instance of follow-up blood pressure, baseline blood pressure was also accounted for. Urinary biomarkers were corrected for urinary creatinine
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