Table 3 Association between genetic and lifestyle risk with hypertension incidence

From: Associations of family history of hypertension, genetic, and lifestyle risks with incident hypertension

Family history

Genetic risk

Lifestyle score

Hypertension/number of participants

%

RR, 95% CI

No

Low

Ideal ( ≤1 poor factors)

235/849

(27.7)

Ref

Intermediate (2–3 poor factors)

319/1034

(30.9)

1.08

(0.94–1.24)

Poor ( ≥4 poor factors)

52/155

(33.5)

1.17

(0.91–1.49)

Intermediate

Ideal ( ≤1 poor factors)

199/728

(27.3)

1.05

(0.89–1.23)

Intermediate (2–3 poor factors)

312/1104

(28.3)

1.08

(0.94–1.24)

Poor ( ≥4 poor factors)

71/188

(37.8)

1.41

(1.14–1.75)

High

Ideal ( ≤1 poor factors)

179/585

(30.6)

1.19

(1.01–1.40)

Intermediate (2–3 poor factors)

351/1091

(32.2)

1.28

(1.11–1.46)

Poor ( ≥4 poor factors)

90/199

(45.2)

1.69

(1.40–2.05)

Yes

Low

Ideal ( ≤1 poor factors)

132/403

(32.8)

1.32

(1.11–1.57)

Intermediate (2–3 poor factors)

136/499

(27.3)

1.13

(0.95–1.36)

Poor ( ≥4 poor factors)

17/61

(27.9)

1.21

(0.80–1.82)

Intermediate

Ideal ( ≤1 poor factors)

104/338

(30.8)

1.25

(1.03–1.51)

Intermediate (2–3 poor factors)

188/545

(34.5)

1.51

(1.29–1.76)

Poor ( ≥4 poor factors)

34/97

(35.1)

1.41

(1.05–1.88)

High

Ideal ( ≤1 poor factors)

131/394

(33.2)

1.38

(1.16–1.65)

Intermediate (2–3 poor factors)

224/620

(36.1)

1.63

(1.41–1.89)

Poor ( ≥4 poor factors)

48/111

(43.2)

1.99

(1.58–2.50)

  1. The model is adjusted for age, sex, and the first ten principal components
  2. Hypertension is defined as systolic/diastolic blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher measured at a community-support center and/or self-reported treatment for hypertension
  3. Lifestyle is categorized as ideal (having at least three ideal lifestyle factors), poor (having 0–1 ideal lifestyle factors), intermediate (having 2–3 ideal lifestyle factors)
  4. Lifestyle score includes the following factors: obesity, defined as BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2 based on the Western Pacific Region of World Health Organization criteria in Japanese individuals, high Na/K ratio, defined as ≥4.0, insufficient regular physical activity, defined as not meeting the American Heart Association recommendations of at least 150 min of moderate activity per week or 75 min of vigorous activity per week, smoking, defined as ex-smoker or current smoker, drinking, defined as ex-drinker or current drinker
  5. Genetic risk is classified based on the tertile of polygenic risk score
  6. CI confidence interval, RR relative risk
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