Table 2 Clinical characteristics of subjects
From: Relationship of TMAO levels with vascular function in patients with hypertension
Variables | No antihypertensive drug (n = 33) | One kind of antihypertensive drug (n = 124) | Two kinds of antihypertensive drugs (n = 110) | Three or more kinds of antihypertensive drugs (n = 66) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, yr | 54 ± 13 | 58 ± 14 | 61 ± 14 | 64 ± 13 | <0.01 |
Men, n (%) | 19 (57.6) | 60 (48.4) | 68 (61.8) | 49 (74.2) | <0.01 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.7 ± 3.9 | 24.7 ± 4.3 | 25.9 ± 4.0 | 25.8 ± 4.2 | 0.09 |
Heart rate, bpm | 73 ± 13 | 74 ± 13 | 70 ± 10 | 68 ± 12 | <0.01 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 148 ± 13 | 131 ± 16 | 127 ± 17 | 132 ± 19 | <0.01 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 92 ± 11 | 82 ± 11 | 77 ± 12 | 80 ± 12 | <0.01 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 207 ± 34 | 199 ± 35 | 189 ± 32 | 186 ± 40 | 0.02 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 124 (101, 234) | 115 (82, 191) | 124 (85, 177) | 142 (94, 208) | 0.57 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 59 ± 16 | 59 ± 18 | 59 ± 15 | 56 ± 15 | 0.48 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 123 ± 27 | 115 ± 29 | 108 ± 30 | 107 ± 27 | 0.02 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.75 ± 0.15 | 0.76 ± 0.17 | 0.81 ± 0.17 | 0.99 ± 0.61 | <0.01 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 78 ± 15 | 73 ± 16 | 70 ± 15 | 66 ± 22 | <0.01 |
Uric acid, mg/dL | 5.9 ± 1.4 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 6.0 ± 1.3 | 6.1 ± 1.2 | <0.01 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 114 ± 26 | 107 ± 22 | 106 ± 22 | 114 ± 26 | 0.08 |
Hemoglobin A1c, % | 5.3 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 5.5 ± 0.8 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 0.69 |
Medical history, n (%) | |||||
Dyslipidemia | 17 (51.5) | 84 (67.7) | 82 (74.6) | 47 (71.2) | 0.09 |
Diabetes mellitus | 3 (9.1) | 24 (19.4) | 26 (23.6) | 22 (33.3) | 0.03 |
CVD | 2 (6.1) | 17 (13.7) | 15 (13.6) | 15 (22.7) | 0.14 |
Current smoker, n (%) | 12 (36.4) | 19 (15.3) | 22 (20.0) | 13 (20.0) | 0.06 |
Medication, n (%) | |||||
Antihypertensive drugs | 0 (0) | 124 (100) | 110 (100) | 66 (100) | NA |
Calcium channel blockers | 0 (0) | 80 (64.5) | 106 (96.4) | 62 (93.9) | <0.01 |
ARBs/ACEIs | 0 (0) | 21 (16.9) | 70 (63.6) | 59 (89.4) | <0.01 |
α-Blockers | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 9 (8.2) | 11 (16.7) | <0.01 |
β-Blockers | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (4.6) | 17 (25.8) | <0.01 |
Diuretics | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.7) | 37 (56.1) | <0.01 |
Aldosterone antagonists | 0 (0) | 21 (16.9) | 27 (24.6) | 23 (34.9) | <0.01 |
Lipid-lowering drugs | 4 (12.1) | 49 (39.5) | 47 (42.7) | 26 (39.4) | 0.01 |
Anti-diabetic drugs | 1 (3.0) | 19 (15.3) | 14 (12.7) | 16 (24.2) | 0.04 |
FMD, % | 5.0 ± 3.0 | 3.9 ± 2.7 | 3.1 ± 2.8 | 3.1 ± 2.4 | <0.01 |
NID, % | 13.1 ± 4.6 | 12.9 ± 6.5 | 10.8 ± 5.7 | 10.3 ± 4.8 | <0.01 |
Log TMAO | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.8 ± 0.9 | <0.01 |
TMAO, μM | 2.5 (1.6, 6.1) | 3.7 (2.3, 6.7) | 4.0 (2.1, 8.2) | 5.8 (3.3, 10.7) | <0.01 |
