Table 2 Analysis of covariance comparisons of biomarker concentrations between the control (C) and risk factor (R) groups

From: Profiling endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in individuals with various cardiovascular risk factors: the African-PREDICT study

 

Waist-to-height ratio

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Glycated haemoglobin

Smoking

Alcohol

Physical inactivity

Prehypertension and hypertension

 

C

R (n = 194)

C

R (n = 626)

C

R (n = 317)

C

R (n = 155)

C

R (n = 364)

C

R (n = 662)

C

R (n = 203)

C

R (n = 338)

Endothelial function markers

sICAM-1 (ng/mL)

186 (156; 217)

192 (178; 206)

183 (162; 204)

189 (183; 195)

179 (158; 200)

188 (180; 196)

166 (137; 195)

174 (158; 189)

173 (148; 197)

191 (182; 199)

180 (160; 200)

178 (172; 183)

180 (159; 201)

179 (169; 189)

186 (161; 210)

178 (169; 187)

sVCAM-1 (ng/mL)

667 (600; 743)

597 (568; 627)

649 (595; 706)

631 (616; 646)

638 (583; 699)

624 (602; 647)

646 (578; 722)

610 (575; 647)

622 (564; 688)

635 (614; 656)

652 (600; 709)

614 (600; 629)

628 (575; 685)

637 (612; 664)

619 (566; 680)

624 (604; 645)

P-selectin (ng/mL)

112 (100; 125)

119 (114; 126)

116 (106; 126)

114 (111; 117)

114 (103; 125)

126 (122; 131)*

109 (98; 121)

110 (104; 116)

116 (105; 128)

114 (110; 118)

110 (101; 119)

121 (118; 124)*

111 (102; 122)

120 (115; 125)

112 (101; 125)

118 (114; 123)

PAI-1act (IU/mL)

5.46 (3.74; 7.98)

12.0 (9.99; 14.3)**

7.52 (5.28; 10.7)

5.24 (4.73; 5.80)

7.48 (5.20; 10.7)

5.89 (5.10; 6.79)

6.27 (4.14; 9.50)

4.14 (3.30; 5.19)

6.24 (4.23; 9.18)

5.46 (4.78; 6.24)

7.59 (5.35; 10.8)*

5.19 (4.70; 5.73)

5.83 (3.89; 8.75)

5.26 (4.34; 6.37)

7.43 (5.01; 11.0)

5.43 (4.71; 6.26)

vWF (%)

97.5 (81.0; 117)

83.4 (76.6; 90.7)

81.8 (72.6; 92.4)

86.1 (83.2; 89.1)

78.3 (68.0; 90.5)

84.3 (79.7; 89.3)

83.9 (70.4; 100)

93.3 (85.1; 102)

90.6 (79.2; 104)

80.9 (77.3; 84.7)

83.9 (74.6; 94.4)

83.0 (80.2; 85.7)

84.3 (72.4; 98.1)

82.4 (76.8; 88.4)

87.1 (75.3; 101)

83.0 (78.9; 87.4)

Oxidative stress markers

tGSH (µM)

755 (645; 865)

782 (732; 832)

768 (694; 842)

718 (697; 739)

772 (688; 856)

835 (802; 869)

737 (620; 854)

875 (813; 937)

807 (710; 905)

814 (781; 847)

782 (698; 866)

812 (788; 836)

766 (681; 852)

778 (738; 818)

778 (684; 872)

787 (753; 820)

GR (U/L)

33.9 (26.5; 41.4)

44.8 (41.3; 48.2)*

35.1 (30.7; 39.6)

37.2 (35.9; 38.5)

37.3 (31.9; 42.7)

42.2 (10.0; 44.4)

35.0 (29.2; 40.8)

44.2 (41.1; 47.2)*

36.3 (30.8; 41.9)

38.2 (36.4; 40.1)

35.9 (31.1; 40.6)

40.3 (39.0; 41.7)

33.1 (27.7; 38.4)

41.6 (39.1; 44.2)**

34.7 (28.7; 40.6)

42.8 (40.6; 44.9)*

SOD (U/mL)

4.69 (3.83; 5.56)

4.65 (4.26; 5.05)

4.81 (4.31; 5.31)

4.81 (4.67; 4.95)

4.61 (3.98; 5.23)

4.06 (3.81; 4.31)

4.99 (4.28; 5.70)

4.29 (3.91; 4.66)

4.73 (4.11; 5.35)

4.44 (4.23; 4.65)

4.82 (4.29; 5.34)

4.29 (4.15; 4.44)

4.47 (3.88; 5.06)

4.52 (4.24; 4.79)

4.55 (3.92; 5.18)

4.43 (4.20; 4.65)

GPx (U/L)

9051 (8001; 10101)

9267 (8787; 9748)

9484 (8684; 10284)

9754 (9527; 9982)

9312 (8487; 10137)

9221 (8895; 9548)

9064 (8008; 10119)

9867 (9306; 10427)

9197 (8321; 10073)

9759 (9462; 10057)

9207 (8441; 9973)

9929 (9711; 10147)

9287 (8424; 10151)

9427 (9023; 9831)

9694 (8767; 10621)

9731 (9400; 10061)

ROS (Units)1

35.2 (27.7; 44.6)

49.8 (44.6; 55.5)*

38.6 (32.6; 45.8)

35.2 (33.5; 36.9)

38.8 (32.1; 46.9)

41.8 (38.7; 45.0)

36.5 (29.8; 44.6)

46.3 (41.7; 51.6)

37.2 (30.5; 45.5)

38.3 (35.8; 41.0)

36.1 (30.6; 42.4)

39.8 (38.0; 41.7)

38.6 (31.5; 47.4)

40.7 (37.0; 44.9)

33.0 (27.4; 39.9)

40.5 (37.8; 43.2)

Inflammatory markers

IL-10 (pg/mL)

5.41 (3.74; 7.80)

4.30 (3.64; 5.07)

5.64 (4.30; 7.39)

4.98 (4.61; 5.38)

5.81 (4.38; 7.71)

4.89 (4.38; 5.47)

5.70 (4.06; 8.02)

4.45 (3.72; 5.32)

6.61 (4.81; 9.06)*

4.53 (4.06; 5.04)

6.28 (4.81; 8.20)

4.79 (4.43; 5.16)

5.14 (3.81; 6.93)

5.04 (4.38; 5.78)

6.44 (4.73; 8.78)*

4.46 (4.00; 4.97)

IL-6 (pg/mL)

1.04 (0.84; 1.29)

1.69 (1.53; 1.87)***

1.08 (0.91; 1.28)

1.26 (1.20; 1.32)

1.10 (0.93; 1.31)

0.95 (0.89; 1.02)

1.12 (0.92; 1.35)

1.28 (1.16; 1.41)

1.02 (0.83; 1.26)

1.10 (1.02; 1.18)

1.14 (0.97; 1.34)

1.00 (0.95; 1.05)

1.03 (0.85; 1.25)

1.15 (1.05; 1.25)

1.07 (0.88; 1.30)

1.10 (1.02; 1.18)

CRP (mg/L)

0.56 (0.38; 0.83)

3.00 (2.50; 3.59)***

0.69 (0.49; 0.98)

0.94 (0.85; 1.04)

0.86 (0.59; 1.23)

1.16 (1.01; 1.34)

0.83 (0.54; 1.27)

1.42 (1.13; 1.78)

0.70 (0.47; 1.05)

0.76 (0.66; 0.88)

0.69 (0.49; 0.97)

0.85 (0.77; 0.93)

0.72 (0.49; 1.06)

1.24 (1.03; 1.48)*

0.58 (0.39; 0.86)

0.94 (0.81; 1.08)*

Fibrinogen (g/L)

2.48 (2.26; 2.69)

2.89 (2.79; 2.99)**

2.43 (2.29; 2.58)

2.55 (2.51; 2.59)

2.42 (2.25; 2.59)

2.59 (2.53; 2.66)

2.53 (2.35; 2.70)

2.75 (2.65; 2.84)

2.37 (2.21; 2.54)

2.40 (2.35; 2.46)

2.44 (2.30; 2.59)

2.46 (2.42; 2.50)

2.41 (2.24; 2.58)

2.58 (2.50; 2.66)

2.42 (2.25; 2.58)

2.44 (2.38; 2.50)

MCP-1 (pg/mL)

139 (125; 154)

151 (144; 158)

139 (129; 149)

154 (151; 157)*

139 (129; 151)

141 (137; 146)

145 (129; 162)

162 (153; 172)

145 (133; 157)

153 (149; 157)

144 (134; 155)

147 (144; 150)

141 (131; 151)

140 (135; 145)

149 (135; 164)

158 (153; 164)

GDF-15 (ng/mL)

0.32 (0.28; 0.36)

0.33 (0.31; 0.35)

0.30 (0.28; 0.34)

0.32 (0.31; 0.33)

0.32 (0.28; 0.35)

0.34 (0.33; 0.36)

0.31 (0.27; 0.35)

0.35 (0.33; 0.38)

0.31 (0.27; 0.35)

0.35 (0.34; 0.37)*

0.30 (0.28; 0.33)

0.34 (0.33; 0.35)*

0.31 (0.28; 0.34)

0.35 (0.33; 0.36)*

0.31 (0.27; 0.34)

0.33 (0.32; 0.35)

  1. Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, SES score, and all other risk factors (continuous variables [with the exception of smoking and alcohol where the categorical variables were used])
  2. Reported as estimated means and 95% confidence intervals
  3. Significance level: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
  4. 1Reactive oxygen species measured as serum peroxides where 1 unit=1.0 mg/L H2O2
  5. Abbreviations: sICAM-1, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; PAI-1act, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity; vWF, von Willebrand factor; tGSH, total glutathione; GR, glutathione reductase; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; IL-10, interleukin-10; IL-6, interleukin-6; CRP, C-reactive protein; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; GDF-15, growth differentiation factor-15
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