Fig. 3: Phylogeny and expression patterns of ethylene biosynthesis genes between M. acuminata (A-genome) and M. balbisiana (B-genome).

a, Overview of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway. b, Expression patterns of SAMS, ACS and ACO family genes in the root and leaf, and at different stages of fruit development and ripening in BX, the A-subgenome of FJ and the B-subgenome of FJ. Genes aligned horizontally in the heat map indicate homoeologue gene pairs between the A- and B-genomes. White boxes with diagonals indicate the lack of homoeologue gene pairs between the A- and B-subgenomes. Asterisks indicate expression dominance of homoeologue gene pairs between the A- and B-subgenomes of FJ. c,d, Synteny analysis of ACS (c) and ACO (d) families between the A- and B-genomes. Red lines indicate paralogous gene pairs resulting from WGD, blue lines indicate homoeologous gene pairs, purple lines indicate tandem duplication, light blue strips indicate aligned syntenic blocks, light green strip indicates translocation block and light red strips indicate inversion blocks.The blocks in outer ring represent location and length of genes; blue blocks represent genes from A-genome and orange blocks represent genes from B-genome. e, Phylogenetic analysis of ACO family genes among nine species: M. acuminata, M. balbisiana, A. thaliana, O. sativa, Sorghum bicolor, Solanum lycopersicum, Phoenix dactylifera, Asparagus officinalis and B. distachyon. f, Ethylene production at different stages of fruit development and ripening in BX and FJ. Error bars show standard error of the mean from three independent experiments (n = 3).