Fig. 4: Evolution and genetics of symbiosis in hornworts.
From: Anthoceros genomes illuminate the origin of land plants and the unique biology of hornworts
a, Orthologues of AMF symbiosis pathway genes can be found in hornworts, indicating their presence in the common ancestor of land plants. The asterisk indicates that the M. paleacea transcriptome was searched instead of M. polymorpha genome because the latter secondarily lost AMF. b, RAM1 is upregulated during nitrogen starvation in both A. agrestis and A. punctatus. c, Reconstituted Anthoceros–cyanobacteria symbiosis. Arrowhead points to a cyanobacteria colony. d, Transcriptomic responses to nitrogen starvation and cyanobacterial symbiosis in A. agrestis (n = 9 biologically independent samples). PC1 and PC2 refer to the first and second axes of principal component analysis on gene expression values. e, A suite of genes were highly upregulated under symbiosis in both A. agrestis and A. punctatus (two-sided test for differential expression, false-discovery rate ≤0.05 and log2-fold-change >4).
