Extended Data Fig. 2: TaVRN1 and TaVRN2 expression over the course of vernalization in winter bread wheat.
a, TaVRN1, TaVRN2 and TaVRN3 expression in the leaves of cold-treated KN9204 seedlings. The first leaves of NV and cold-treated seedlings, the second leaves of V6W + 2 W (2w post cold), and the last leaves (flag leaves formed post cold) were harvested at ZT5 (5 hour /hr after light on). One-leaf seedlings were exposed to cold (in SDs) and returned to warmth for post-cold growth and development (in LDs). Transcripts were quantified by RT-qPCR and normalized directly to TaACT. b, c, Both TaVRN2 (b) and TaVRN3 (c) are specifically expressed in the leaf veins of KN9204 plants. Mesophyll cells and veins were isolated through enzymolysis. d, SAM (shoot apical meristem) of a 7-d-old KN9204 seedling prior to cold exposure. e, SAM of a KN9204 seedling exposed to cold for 6w. f, IM (inflorescence meristem) of a KN9204 seedling grown in LDs for 2w after cold. LS, lateral spikelet primordium. g, TaVRN1 and TaVRN2 expression in the SAM and IM tissues. Apexes were dissected under a microscope and tissues were harvested at ZT5. a-c, g, Data are presented as mean values ± s.d. of three biological replicates; u.d. for undetectable. P values in (a) are determined by one-way ANOVA with square root transformation of the data.
