Fig. 1: Phytotoxicity and root:shoot partitioning of TNT, and DNAN and intermediates.
From: New weapons explosive exhibits persistent toxicity in plants
a, Fresh weight of 2-week-old Arabidopsis plants grown in shake flasks, 7 days post dosing (n = 8, mean ± s.d.). Statistical significance testing, compared to untreated, was performed using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. b, Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) gel showing the recombinant expression and purification of MDHAR6 protein (P), with molecular weight markers (M). c, Activity of purified MDHAR6 using TNT and DNAN substrates (n = 3, mean ± s.d.); statistical comparison was performed using two-sided t-test. d, Schematic showing the suggested mode of DNAN phytotoxicity. e, Appearance of 5-week-old wild-type and mdhar6-1 Arabidopsis plants grown on uncontaminated soil and soil contaminated with 100 mg kg−1 DNAN. f, Levels of DNAN, TNT and intermediates in tissue extracts from 4-week-old, hydroponically grown Arabidopsis 4 days after dosing with 250 µM explosive (n ≥ 8, mean ± s.d.). g, Root lengths of 14-day-old seedlings germinated and grown on agar plates containing DNAN, 2-ANAN, 4-ANAN or DAAN (n ≥ 24, mean ± s.d.). Statistical comparison was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. All data and P values can be found in the Source data file.
