Fig. 4: Subclustering in corpus cells postulates MADS-box transcription factor genes as markers for specific meristems and organ formation.

a, UMAP and subclustering of corpus cells from developing spikes in barley. b, Pseudotime analysis in subclusters from corpus cells defines the formation of meristems and organs from inflorescence meristem to organs in the floret meristem (TSM, CSM). The yellow dot shows the starting point in pseudotime, the black line shows the developmental trajectory across the pseudotime, and endpoints for primordia formations are shown as circles. c, Expression profiles of selected MADS-box transcription factor genes along the developing spike. OrP, floret organ primordia. d, Expression profile according to pseudotime analysis for selected MADS-box transcription factors. e, Genes with the highest differential expression according to pseudotime analysis grouped by hierarchical clustering (Moran’s I ≥ 0.25 and q = 0), showing the major developmental transitions during spike development. f, Inferred equivalency of pseudotime and canonical time, as a plastochron, based on genes modulated by pseudotime. smRNA-FISH section in c is representative of at least 5 independent developing spikes. Scale bar, 100 µm (c).