Extended Data Fig. 4: Effective invasion thresholds for CAIN and ClvR under seed drop versus seed replacement.
We varied the baseline germination rate b and drive-associated gamete viability cost sg (probability a drive-carrying gamete is nonviable), holding all other drive and seed-bank parameters at their defaults (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). Blue points denote observed effective invasion thresholds \({\widehat{p}}_{e}\), defined as the minimum seed introduction frequency (ps) yielding drive spread in more than 50% of replicates; red triangles are predictions from \({\widehat{p}}_{e}\approx \widehat{p}\times \tau\). Points at b = 1 give the baseline invasion threshold \(\widehat{p}\) without seed banks. a–c, CAIN released by dropping drive-homozygous seeds (seed drop): invasion thresholds for sg∈ {0.05, 0.1, 0.25} and b∈{0.05, 0.2, 0.5, 1}. d–f, CAIN released by replacing a fraction ps of age-0 seeds with drive homozygotes (seed replacement). Missing blue points indicate consistent failure to invade; missing red triangles indicate predicted \({\widehat{p}}_{e} > 1\). g–i, As in a–c for ClvR. j–l, As in d–f for ClvR.
