Fig. 5: Dynamics of ClvR suppression drives under varying seed-bank parameters.

a, Heat map of the mean time to population elimination for the ClvR male suppression drive across baseline germination rates (b) and age-dependent germination parameters (m); all other parameters were fixed at their default values (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2; see Supplementary Figs. 12–16 for the joint effect of drive parameters and germination rate parameters on drive spread). Population elimination is defined as the complete loss of both seeds and plants due to the drive. The drive succeeded for all tested parameters (Supplementary Fig. 6a). The colours represent mean elimination times across ten replicates; the lettered cells correspond to the subplots below. b–d, Trajectories of genetic load (green; left axis) and corresponding population size (blue; right axis) for the ClvR male suppression drive, assuming age-independent germination rates (m = 0), with b = 0.05 (b), b = 0.2 (c) and b = 1 (d). Genetic load is defined for this drive as the proportional reduction in total effective pollen grains in the population. The solid lines represent median trajectories; the shaded regions indicate the observed range (minimum–maximum) across ten replicates. The horizontal green dashed lines denote the required genetic load for population elimination (λ*; equation (4)). e, Heat map as in a but for the ClvR female suppression drive. The drive succeeded only for a subset of tested parameter sets (Supplementary Fig. 6b). The colours indicate mean elimination times among successful replicates; the grey cells denote parameter sets where elimination consistently failed. The letter labels in the bottom row indicate parameter sets analysed in the subplots below. f–h, Same as b–d but for the ClvR female suppression drive, with genetic load defined as the proportional reduction in total effective ovules in the population.